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VBSC 211 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

immune

A

resistant to infection

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2
Q

immune system

A

the tissues, cells, and molecules involved in the defense of the body against infectious agents.

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3
Q

immunity

A

the ability to resist a specific infection

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4
Q

vaccination

A

the deliberate induction of protective immunity to a pathogen by the administration of killed or non-pathogenic forms of the pathogen, or its antigens, to induce an immune response

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5
Q

immunization

A

the deliberate provocation of an adaptive immune response by introducing antigen into the body

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6
Q

commensal

A

a microorganism that habitually lives on or in the human body; one that normally causes no disease or harm and can be beneficial

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7
Q

microbiota

A

the microorganisms that habitually live in or on the human body; they normally do not cause disease and in many cases provide positive benefit.

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8
Q

pathogen

A

an organism, most commonly a microorganism, that can cause disease

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9
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

a microorganism that causes disease only in individuals whose immune systems are in some way compromised

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10
Q

bacteria

A

diverse prokaryotic microorganisms that are responsible for many infectious diseases of humans and other animals. Some bacterial pathogens live only extracellularly, colonizing tissue surfaces and intercellular spaces; others can invade cells and live intracellularly

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11
Q

virus

A

submicroscopic pathogen composed of a nucleic acid genome enclosed in a protein coat. Viruses replicate only inside of living cells because they do not possess all the metabolic machinery required for independent life. A viral particle is called a virion.

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12
Q

fungi

A

a group of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic organisms, including the yeasts and molds, that can cause a variety of diseases. Immunity to fungi involves both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses

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13
Q

parasites

A

general name for the unicellular protozoa and multicellular worms that infect animals and humans and live within them, causing disease

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14
Q

epithelium

A

general name for a type of supracellular structure composed of a single layer (for example the lining of the gut and respiratory trace) or multiple layers (for example the epidermis) of cells bound tightly to each other. They are generally found as surface layers that communicate between the internal and external cavities of the body, and are also part of many internal organs

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15
Q

mucosal surfaces/mucosae

A

mucus-secreting epithelium such as that lining the respiratory intestinal and urogenital tracts. The mammary glands and the conjunctiva of the eye are also considered in this category. Mucosal epithelium communicates with the external environment and is the route of entry of most pathogens

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16
Q

mucus

A

slimy protection section composed of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, peptides, and enzymes that is produced by the goblet cells in many internal epithelia

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17
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A
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18
Q

innate immune response

A

immune response that is initiated immediately on infection and does not depend on lymphocytes. It depends on host defenses such as complement, neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells. which provide nonspecific defense against a wide range of pathogens, This response does not generate immunological memory

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19
Q

effector mechanisms

A

any of the physiological and cellular processes used by the immune system to destroy pathogens and remove them from the body

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20
Q

effector cell

A

a terminally differentiated activated lymphocyte that can kill pathogens or remove them from the body without the need for further differentiation

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21
Q

complement

A

collection of plasma proteins that act in a cascade of reactions to attack extracellular spaces and the blood. Pathogens become coated with complement proteins, which can either kill the pathogen directly or facilitate its engulfment and destruction by phagocytes. It is activated either directly or indirectly by the presence of infection

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22
Q

innate immunity

A

the host defense mechanism that acts from the start of an infection and does not adapt to a particular pathogen or generate immunological memory

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23
Q

cytokines

A

any of a large number of proteins secreted by cells that act locally to change the behavior of neighboring cells. Cytokines act by binding to specific receptors on their target cells. Cytokines made by lymphocytes are often called lymphokines or interleukins (IL)

24
Q

inflammation

A

general term for the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and white blood cells that is initiated by physical injury, infection, or a local immune response. It is also known as an inflammatory response. The cells that invade tissues and help mediate inflammation are often called inflammatory cells. Those cytokines that promote inflammation are known as inflammatory cytokines,

25
Q

endothelium

A

endothelium lining the interior of blood vessels

26
Q

edema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in connective tissue, leading to swelling

27
Q

lymphocytes

A

general name for a class of white blood cells consisting of three main cell types, B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) are small cells that bear variable cell-surface receptors for antigen and are responsible for adaptive immune responses. Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular cells and are the lymphocytes of innate immunity

28
Q

adaptive immune response

A

the response of antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory.

29
Q

adaptive immunity

A

the state of resistance to infection that is produced by the adaptive immune response

30
Q

clonal selection

A

the central principle of adaptive immunity. It is the mechanism by which adaptive immune responses derive only from individual antigen-specific lymphocytes, which are stimulated by the antigen to proliferate and differentiate into antigen-specific effector cells.

31
Q

clonal expansion

A

the multiplication of lymphocytes after their activation by antigen, so that large clones of rare antigen-specific lymphocytes are generated to fight the infecting pathogen

32
Q

immunological memory

A

the capacity of the immune system to make quicker and stronger adaptive immune responses to successive encounters with an antigen. It is specific for a particular antigen and is long-lived

33
Q

acquired immunity/protective immunity

A

pathogen-specific immunity acquired as a consequence of infection or vaccination; the response of antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory/ the specific immunological resistance to a pathogen that is present in an individual during months after either vaccination or recover from an infection with the pathogen, and which is due to pathogen-specific antibodies and effector T cells produced during the primary response

34
Q

primary immune response

A

the adaptive immune response that follows a person’s first exposure to an antigen

35
Q

secondary immune response

A

the adaptive immune response provoked by a second exposure to an antigen. It differs from the primary response by starting sooner and building more quickly, and is due to the presence of long-lived memory B cells and T cells specific for the antigen

36
Q

leukocytes

A

general term for a white blood cell. Lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes are all leukocytes

37
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the generation of the cellular elements of blood, including the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells all originate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells whose differentiated progeny divide under the influence of various hematopoietic growth factors

38
Q

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

A

the stem cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all the cellular elements of the blood

39
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cell

40
Q

megakaryocytes

A

large cell of the erythroid lineage, produced in the bone marrow

41
Q

platelets

A

a small non-nucleated cell fragment, derived from megakaryocytes, that is present in large numbers in the blood and is involved in blood clotting

42
Q

hematopoietic cells

A

any blood cell or its precursor cell types

43
Q

bone marrow

A

tissue in the center of certain bones that is the major site of generation of all cellular elements of the blood

44
Q

self renewal

A

the ability of a population of cells, such as stem cells, to maintain itself permanently by multiplication and limited differentiation

45
Q

myeloid progenitor

A

the stem cell in bone marrow that gives rise to the myeloid lineage (granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells)

46
Q

myeloid lineage

A

the granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells and dendritic cells, and the bone marrow cells that give rise to them

47
Q

granulocytes

A

white blood cell with irregularly shaped, multilobed nuclei, and cytoplasmic granules. There are three types of granulocyte: neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil. Granulocytes are also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes

48
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

white blood cell with irregularly shaped, multilobed nuclei, and cytoplasmic granules. There are three types of granulocyte: neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil. Granulocytes are also known as granulocytes

49
Q

neutrophil

A

phagocytic white blood cell that enters infected tissues in large numbers and engulfs and kills extracellular pathogens. It is a type of granulocyte and contains granules that stain with neutral dues; hence its name. It is by far the most abundant white blood cell

50
Q

phagocyte

A

a cell specialized to perform phagocytosis. The principal phagocytic cells in mammals are neutrophils and macrophages

51
Q

pus

A

thick yellowish-white fluid that is formed in infected wounds. It is composed of dead and dying white blood cells (principally neutrophils), tissue debris, and dead microorganisms

52
Q

eosinophil

A

white blood cell that is one of the three types of granulocyte. it contains granules that stain with eosin and whose contents are secreted when the cell is stimulated. Eosinophils contribute chiefly to defense against parasitic infections

53
Q

basophil

A

white blood cell present in small numbers in the blood; it is one of the three types of granulocyte. Basophils contain granules that stain with basic dyes; hence their name

54
Q

monocytes

A

phagocytic white blood cell with a bean-shaped nucleus. It is the precursor of the tissue macrophage

55
Q

macrophages

A

large mononuclear phagocytic cell resident in most tissues that bears receptors for many components of pathogens. Macrophages are derived from blood monocytes and contribute to innate immunity and early nonadaptive phase of host defense, as well as being effector cells in adaptive immune responses, They function as professional antigen-presenting cells and as phagocytic scavenger cells, and produce cytokines that recruit a variety of immune-system cells to an ongoing immune response

56
Q

dendritic cell

A

professional antigen-presenting cell with a branched, dendrite-like morphology that are present in tissues. It is derived from the bone marrow and is distinct from the follicular dendritic cell that presents antigen to B cells Immature dendritic cells take up and process antigens but cannot yet stimulate T cells. Mature or activated dendritic cells are present in secondary lymphoid tissues and are able to stimulate T cells.

57
Q

mast cell

A

large bone marrow derived cell resident in connective tissues throughout the body. Mast cells contain large granules that store a variety of chemical mediators including histamine. Mas cells have high-affinity Fce receptors (FceRI) that bind free IgE. Antigen binding to IgE Associated with mast cells triggers mast-cell activation and degranulation, producing a local or systemic immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Mast cells have a crucial role in allergic reactions

VBSC 211 (6 decks)

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