Chapter 1 (exam review) Flashcards
What is physical activity?
Physical activity refers to any bodily
movement produced by skeletal muscles
that requires energy expenditure.
Physical activity domains:
leisure, occupation, transportation, and household
Levels: inactive, low, medium, high
How does physical activity differ from exercise?
Exercise specifically refers to planned, structured, and repetitive physical
activity with the objective of improving or maintaining physical fitness.
The Code of Hammurabi (2080 BC)
ancient Babylonian laws included regulations on health practices and physicians
Influence on ancient cultures
early public health and preventive medicine concepts are traced back to ancient India and Greece
Asclepius
son of Apollo, struck down by Zeus for saving mortals and defying Hades
Panacea:
goddess of healing, source of the term “panacea” (universal remedy)
Hygeia
goddess of healing, origin of the word “hygiene” (practices for good health)
Hippocrates (400 BC)
“father of medicine” / “first epidemiologist”
Dr. Jeremy Morris
late professor Emeritus of Public Health, London school of hygiene and tropical medicine, univ of london
recognized as the primary pioneer in physical activity epidemiology
Dr Ralph Paffenbarger
late professor emeritus of medicine at stanford university, adjunct professor emeritus at harvard university, built upon Dr. Morris’s foundational work
Landmark Research Studies
- london bus study
- framingham heart study
- aerobics center longitudinal study
- san francisco longshoremen
- nurses health study
- harvard alumni health study
london bus study
investigated the relationship between PA and coronary heart disease
Framingham heart study
identify determinants of cardiovascular disease (PA was one)
San francisco longshoremen
investigate the rship between PA at work and coronary heart disease and overall mortality
nurses health study
overall, investigated risk factors for major chronic conditions among women
aerobics center longitudinal study
understand the impact of physical fitness on mortality and morbidity
harvard alumni health study
explore rships between PA, longevity, and chronic disease risk
general limitations in studies
- lack of diversity in populations
- focus on occupational PA
- reliance on self-report PA data
- causality issues
inactive
no activity beyond baseline
ex: light-intensity activities of daily life, standing, walking slowly, lifting lightweight objects
low
activity beyond baseline but fewer than 150 min of moderate-intensity activity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity exercise each week
medium
150 min - 300 min moderate- intensity activity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity exercise each week
high
more than 300 min a week
healthy people 2020/2030
- 25 % of adults meet PA guidelines
- 30% report no PA during leisure time
- 20% of children/adolescents meet PA guidelines
- < 10% of physician visits include exercise counseling
- disparities exist among sub- groups
