chapter 1 &2 quiz Flashcards
London Bus study
investigated the relationship between PA and coronary heart disease
Framingham Heart Study
identify determinants of cardiovascular disease (PA was one)
San Francisco Longshoremen
investigate the rship between PA at work and coronary heart disease and overall mortality
Nurses Health Study
overall, investigated risk factors for major chronic conditions among women
aerobics center longitudinal study
understand the impact of physical fitness on mortality and morbidity
Harvard Alumni Health study
explore rships between PA, longevity, and chronic disease risk
limitations in the studies
- lack of diversity in populations
- focus on occupational PA
- reliance on self-report PA data
- causality issues
inactive
no activity beyond baseline
ex: light-intensity activities of daily life, standing, walking slowly, lifting lightweight objects
low
activity beyond baseline but fewer than 150 min of moderate-intensity activity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity exercise each week
medium
150 min - 300 min moderate- intensity activity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity exercise each week
High
more than 300 min a week
healthy people 2020/2030
- 25 % of adults meet PA guidelines
- 30% report no PA during leisure time
- 20% of children/adolescents meet PA guidelines
- < 10% of physician visits include exercise counseling
- disparities exist among sub- groups
Risk Factor
any attribute or characteristic of an individual that increases or decreases the likelihood of developing the outcome of interest
exposure
the condition of being subjected to a risk factor that may have a significant impact on health
outcome
the possible results that may stem from exposure to risk factors; typically refers to the presence or development of disease or health conditions
incidence
the number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specific period
* formula : # of new cases/population at risk during period * 10^n
prevalence
the total number of existing cases (new and old) of a disease in a population at a specific time
odds ratios
compares odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group.
- favorable vs. unfavorable
- 1: 1
- current or existing cases (NOT NEW)
- (a/b) / (c/d)
Risk Ratios
compares the probability (risk) of an event occurring in one group to the probability of it occurring in another group
- considers all outcomes
- incident cases
- favorable/total possible
- [ a/(a+b) ] / [ c/(c+d) ]
confounding
an outside variable that influences both the risk factor & the health outcome, leading to false association
- “adjust or control”
- single factor
effect modification
occurs when the effect of the primary exposure on an outcome of interest differs defending on the level of another variable
- diff association
- btwn groups ex: gender
