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General Microbiology > Chapter 1 - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order and names of the scientists that contributed to the refuting of the Spontaneous Generation Theory?

A

Francesco Redi tried to discredit it first by showing how maggots on meat came from flies but was not believed. Then John Needham boiled broth and sealed it to see if there would be growth but didn’t seal it well and was ignored. Then Lazzaro Spallanzani attempted the same with a better seal but was ignored too. Finally, Louis Pasteur did the Swan Neck Experiment and proved to the public that the theory was false.
“Ready? we Need the Spectacular Pasteur.”

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2
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

He gave cleaning solutions to to surgeons to see if it decreased disease and illness. He was the first to apply the science of the Germy Theory to surgery.

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3
Q

How did Louis Pasteur affect the wine and dairy industry?

A

He realized there was something growing in the wine barrels that made them taste better. This was the finding of microbes fermentating. He then realized you could remove microbes from wine or other products, such as milk, to prevent disease. This is the creation of pasteurization.

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4
Q

What is the difference between Pasteurization and Sterilization?

A

Pasteurization removes SOME microbes, typically the bad ones by heating it up to a certain temperature. Sterilization is the removal of ALL microorganisms and their spores.

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5
Q

What is the ratio of microbes to humans?

A

3 : 1

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6
Q

What percentage of microbes cause disease?

A

3%

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7
Q

What is penicillin?

A

A fungus that is used as an antibiotic. It works due to competition.

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8
Q

What makes most of the nitrogen in our atmosphere?

A

Microbes.

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9
Q

What do all cellular organisms have?

A

A cell membrane and a plasma membrane.

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10
Q

What is the importance of the protozoa, Plasmodium falciparum?

A

It is the microorganism primarily responsible for severe or fatal malaria.

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11
Q

Which two of the main cellular microorganisms are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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12
Q

What are protists and fungi?

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

What are the important facts about Staphylococcus aureus?

A

It is gram positive. It shows the presense of the catalase enzyme. It can ferment mannitol. It shows presence of the DNase and coagulase enzymes.

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14
Q

What are the important facts about Escherichia coli?

A

It is gram negative. It is a mixed acid fermentator which means it makes A LOT of acid. It will show a metallic green sheen on EMB agar. It is rod shaped.

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15
Q

Which microbe is believed to be the oldest?

A

Archaea is the oldest. They can produce methane gas and are able to live in very extreme conditions.

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16
Q

What don’t acellular organisms have?

A

Acellular organisms are NOT living! They cannot have a cellular membrane.

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17
Q

What must viruses have?

A

They MUST have a protein coat and nucleic acid.

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18
Q

What do Viroid have?

A

Viroids have RNA and only affect plants. The are circular and inhibit translation.

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19
Q

What are prions made of?

A

They are JUST made of protein.

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20
Q

What are Satellites?

A

Satellites are lazy and do not replicate. They have to piggyback off of viruses.

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21
Q

Which types of cells have ribosomes?

A

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes.

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22
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

They are made up of proteins and rRNA.

23
Q

What does small subunit rRNA do?

A

It identifies the mRNA and aligns it for translation.

24
Q

What rRNA small subunit weight do prokaryotes have?

A

16s

25
Q

What rRNA small subunit weight do eukaryotes have?

A

18s (heavier than 16s)

26
Q

What do phages do?

A

They attack bacteria by injecting nucleic acid into the bacteria.

27
Q

What does prion disease cause?

A

Prion disease causes mental abnormailites and malfunctions. We have normal prions but, for unknown reasons, they can become harmful to us. It is fatal and transmissible. We do not know the purpose of prions just yet.

28
Q

What does LUCA stand for and why is it important?

A

LUCA is the Last Universal Common Ancestor. It shows the connection between the different cellular microorganisms. Archaea have characteristics from both Bacteria and Eukaryota. Archea and Eukaryota evolved independently from Bacteria which means they are from more common ancestry.

29
Q

Where can Mitochondia be found?

A

Mitochondria can only be found in eukaryotes becuase bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes which cannot have membrane-bound organelles.

30
Q

What organelles are part of the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Hydrogenosomes

31
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

It is the theory that some eukaryote organelles evolved from the engulfment of free-living prokaryotes. Mitochondria has some DNA which leads to this belief.

32
Q

What does biovars mean?

A

Microorganisms in strains that are different in their biochemical composition.

33
Q

What does morphovars mean?

A

Microorganisms in strains that are different in their shape.

34
Q

What does serovars mean?

A

Microorganisms in strains that are different in their serums and are recognized by different antibodies.

35
Q

What is the type strain?

A

Type strain is the first one identified, NOT the oldest or most common.

36
Q

What are the three parts of Taxonomy?

A

Classification, Identification, and Nomenclature. Most bacteria are names after what disease they caused or where they were found. The flu is caused by a virus.

37
Q

Antibiotics work for what kind of illnesses?

A

They work on bacteria NOT viruses.

38
Q

Who developed the classification system used today?

A

Linneaus in the 18th century.

39
Q

What can be the domain?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukaryotes are the only domains used.

40
Q

What is the order of the taxonomic ranks?

A

Domain, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. I like to use the mneumonic “Don Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.”

41
Q

Which domain is the largest?

A

Eukaryotes are usually larger than Bacteria and Archaea but some protists are smaller than them.

42
Q

Who do you need to tell if you find an unidentified microorganism?

A

The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

43
Q

What percentage of Microbes do we know?

A

About 1% becuase we don’t know what they need to grow.

44
Q

Who is known for first observing bees and weevils with a magnifying glass?

A

Francesco Stelluti

45
Q

Who is known for publishing the first drawings of the fungus, Mucor, in his book?

A

Robert Hooke

46
Q

Who was the first person to view microbes correctly?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek was a fabric maker who made a really good magnifying glass out of two flat pieces of metal and a lens. He was the first to see microorganisms and called them animalcules.

47
Q

Who is Robert Koch?

A

He is the second most important person in microbiology. He identified the bacteria that causes anthrax, Bacillius anthracis. He also developed Koch’s Postulates.

48
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A

It is the process by which Robert Koch would determine what microbe was causing a disease. He would find a microorganism present in all cases of the disease and isolate it. He would create a pure culture of it and innoculate it into a health host. The same disease must occur in the host and the microorganism must be able to be isolated from the host again. If this all occured, then he would state that the disease was caused by the isolated microorganism.

49
Q

What are the issues with Koch’s Postulates?

A

Some people can be carriers which is an issue since you cannot tell the difference between an infected person and a healthy person in this case. Microorganisms dont want to kill you because they want to survive. Additionally, not all diseases are caused by microorganisms.

49
Q

What does attenuated mean and who created the term?

A

Attenuated refers to microorganisms when they are in a weakened state and cannot replicate. This was learned by Pasteur and Pierre Roux. They found that microorganisms that were incubated for long periods of time becmae attenuated and could not cause disease.

50
Q

What is the significane of attenuated microorganisms?

A

They could be used to develop immunity to diseases and became a way for making vaccines.

51
Q

What was first used to grow microbes?

A

Potato

52
Q

Who invented petri dishes?

A

Julius Richard Petri

53
Q

Who was the first person to make a vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner used vaccination procedure to protect against smallpox. He is considered the father of immunology. Microbiology and Immunology go hand in hand.

General Microbiology (5 decks)

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