Chapter 1: Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

What are the types of Eukaryotic cells

Answer 1

Animals, plants, fungi, Protista

Question 2

What makes Eukaryotic cells different from Prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

 Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
 All eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus.
 Organelles that allow compartmentalization.
 Found in single (Protista) and multicellular organisms.

Question 3

What two features do Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells share?

Answer 3

o a barrier that separates the cell from its environment (plasma membrane)
o an inside that is chemically different from the environment and that accommodates the biochemistry of living. (cytoplasm)

Question 4

Define the plasma membrane functions

Answer 4

 Separates the cell from its external environment.
 Composed of lipids and proteins.
 Role in intercellular communication.
 Impermeable to most substances, mitigates the entry and exit of molecules and information.
* This selective permeability is the work of proteins embedded in the plasma.

Question 5

Define cytoplasm functions

Answer 5

 The inner substance of the cell
 Highly organized by cytoskeleton

Question 6

Define cytoskeleton functions

Answer 6

o Maintenance of cell shape.
o Facilitation of coherent cellular movement.
o Provision of a supporting network that guides the movement of organelles.
o The cytoplasm is the site of a host of biochemical processes, including the initial stage of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein synthesis

Question 7

What is the cytoskeleton network made from?

Answer 7

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Question 8

What does the cytoskeleon network do?

Answer 8

They support the structure of the cell, help to localize certain biochemical activities, and even serve as “molecular highways” by which molecules can be shuttled around the cell.

Question 9

Define the nucleus and its functions

Answer 9

 The most prominent organelle contains hereditary information. Information center of the cell.
 Site of transcription.

Question 10

What are the components of the nucelus

Answer 10

• Nucleoplasm: Chromatin (genome), nuclear matrix
• Nucleus
• Nuclear envelope (two membranes fused at nuclear pores where molecules and ions enter and leave the nucleus)

Question 11

Define the Mitochondria

Answer 11

 Responsible for aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis.
 Double-walled organelle with the inner space called matrix.

Question 12

What is the matrix?

Answer 12

The matrix contains several circular DNA molecules and components for protein synthesis.

Question 13

What is the function of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 13

 RER has ribosomes and a cytoplasmic surface.
* Ribosomes take part in the synthesis of proteins for the inside of the cell.
 Involved in the production of membrane proteins and proteins for cell export. Transport vehicles.

Question 14

What is the function of the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 14

 ER is a system of interconnected membranous tubules, vesicles, and large flattened sacs.

 SER is responsible for:
* Lipid synthesis.
* Biotransformation: water-soluble organic molecules are prepared for excretion.
* Processing of exogenous chemicals (chemicals originating outside the cell) such as drugs.

Question 15

Define the function of the golgi apparatus

Answer 15

 The Golgi apparatus is involved in the packaging and distribution of cell products to both internal and external cell compartments.
* Modify and processes proteins.

Question 16

Define the function of the lysosome

Answer 16

 Lysosomes are single membrane saclike organelles that contain aggregates of digestive systems.

 They function in three ways.
* Digestion of food (and other) molecules.
* Digestion of worn-out or unneeded cell components.
* Breakdown of extracellular material.

Question 17

What are Secretory granules

Answer 17

 When a vesicle filled with the proteins destined for secretion buds off the Golgi complex.
 The granule is directed toward the cell membrane.
 When the proper signal is received, the secretory granule fuses with the plasma membrane and dumps its cargo into the extracellular environment, a process called exocytosis

Question 18

Define endosome

Answer 18

membrane-bound organelles found in both plants and animals that act as intracellular sorting machines

Question 19

Define phagocytosis

Answer 19

when large amounts of materials are taken into the cell

Question 20

Define endocytosis

Answer 20

Material is taken into the cell when the plasma membrane invaginates and buds off to form an endosome
* Endocytosis is used to bring important biochemicals such as iron ions, vitamin B12, and cholesterol into the cell.

 Endocytosis takes place through small regions of the membrane, such as when a protein is taken into the cell.

Question 21

Define the function of vaculoes

Answer 21

 The plant vacuoles store water, ions, and nutrients.
 The plant cell wall is composed of cellulose, which is different from the bacterial cell wall.

Question 22

Define the function of chloroplasts

Answer 22

Power the cell through photosynthesis
 Very similar to mitochondria in structure, chloroplasts are also double-walled organelles.

Question 23

Define the thylakoid

Answer 23

Found in chloroplasts
An intricately folded internal membrane called the thylakoid membrane is responsible for the metabolic function of the chloroplast.
* Its interior is the lumen.

Question 24

Define the grana

Answer 24

Found in chloroplasts
 Tightly stacked portions of the thylakoid membrane

Question 25

Why is it advantageous for eukaryotic cells to have distinct compartments for various cellular processes?

Answer 25

It facilitates the simultaneous exception of multiple biochemical pathways without interference.

Question 25

Define the plant cell wall

Answer 25

 Contracted from cellulose (linear polymer of glucose molecules).

Question 26

Are eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells more complex?

Answer 26

eukaryotic