chapter 1 ense Flashcards
1
Q
The systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it.
The systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it.
A
Environmental Science
2
Q
The systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it.
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Environmental engineering
3
Q
The systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it.
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ECOLOGY
4
Q
The foundations of organisms
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carbon-based (organic) compounds.
5
Q
Everything that takes up space and has mass.
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Matter
6
Q
Four states of matter
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Solid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma
7
Q
“Matter is neither created nor destroyed, rather, it is recycled over and over again.”
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Conservation of Matter
8
Q
Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions.
A
Elements
9
Q
Smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of an element.
A
Atoms
10
Q
the characteristic number of protons per atom.
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Atomic number
11
Q
the sum of protons and neutrons.
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Atomic mass
12
Q
are forms of an element that differ in atomic mass.
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Isotopes
13
Q
are substances composed of different kinds of atoms.
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Compounds
14
Q
are a pair or group of atoms that can exist as a single unit.
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Molecules
15
Q
Charged atoms are called
A
ions
16
Q
When atoms gain or lose electrons, it acquires a negative or positive electrical charge.
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Ions
17
Q
Negatively charged ions.
A
Anions
18
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Positively charged ions
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Cations
19
Q
substances that readily give up hydrogen ions in water.
A
Acids
20
Q
substances that readily bond with H+
ions.
A
Bases
21
Q
describes the strength of an acid and base.
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pH
22
Q
Minute compartments within which the processes of life are carried out.
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Cells
23
Q
a special class of proteins that carry out all the chemical reactions required to
create various structures.
A
Enzymes
24
Q
the multitude of enzymatic reactions performed by an organism.
A
Metabolism
25
The ability to do work, such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer
between two objects at different temperatures.
Energy
26
energy contained in moving objects
Kinetic Energy
27
stored energy that is dormant but available for use.
Potential Energy
28
stored in the food that you eat and the gasoline that you put into your car
Chemical Energy
29
the energy that can be transferred between objects of different temperature.
Heat
30
A study that deals with the transfer of energy in natural processes.
Thermodynamics
31
States that energy is conserved. It is neither created nor destroyed under normal
conditions.
First law of thermodynamics
32
States that, with each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less
energy is available to do work. Energy is degraded to lower-quality forms, or it dissipates
and is lost, as it is used.
Second law of thermodynamics
33
the process in which bacteria use chemical bonds between inorganic elements, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or hydrogen gas (H2), to provide energy for synthesis of
organic molecules.
Chemosynthesis
34
essential to life.
Solar Energy
35
the scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment.
Ecology
36
refers to all organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring.
Species
37
consists of all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time.
Population
38
All of the populations living and interacting in a particular area.
Biological Community
39
Interconnection of individual food chains.
Food Web
40
Organisms that photosynthesize, mainly green plants and algae.
Producers
41
organisms that consumes the chemical energy harnessed by the producers.
Consumers
42
Organisms that clean up dead carcasses of larger animals such as crows, jackals, and vultures.
Scavengers
43
Consume litter, debris, and dung such as ants and beetles.
Detritivores
44
Organisms that complete the final breakdown and recycling of organic materials such as fungi
and bacteria.
Decomposer
45
Presents the number of organisms in each trophic level without any consideration for
their size. Unit: number of organisms.
Pyramid of numbers
46
Presents the total mass of organisms at each trophic level.
Pyramid of biomass
47
Presents the total amount of energy present at each trophic level, as well as the loss of
energy between trophic levels.
Pyramid of productivity
48
The path of water through our environment.
Hydrologic Cycle
49
As water is heated by the sun, surface molecules become sufficiently energized to break free of the attractive force binding them together, and then evaporate and rise as
invisible vapor in the atmosphere.
Evaporation
50
Water vapor is also emitted from plant leaves by a process called transpiration. Every
day an actively growing plant transpires 5 to 10 times as much water as it can hold at
once.
Transpiration
51
As water vapor rises, it cools and eventually condenses, usually on tiny particles of dust
in the air. When it condenses it becomes a liquid again or turns directly into a solid (ice,
hail or snow). These water particles then collect and form clouds.
Condensation
52
Precipitation in the form of rain, snow and hail comes from clouds. Clouds move around the world, propelled by air currents. For instance, when they rise over mountain ranges, they cool, becoming so saturated with water that water begins to fall as rain, snow or
hail, depending on the temperature of the surrounding air.
Precipitation
53
Excessive rain or snowmelt can produce overland flow to creeks and ditches. Runoff is
visible flow of water in rivers, creeks and lakes as the water stored in the basin drains
out.
Runoff
54
Some of the precipitation and snow melt moves
downwards percolates or infiltrates through cracks, joints and pores in soil and rocks
until it reaches the water table where it becomes groundwater.
Percolation
55
Subterranean water is held in cracks and pore spaces. Depending on the geology, the
groundwater can flow to support streams. It can also be tapped by wells. Some
groundwater is very old and may have been there for thousands of years.
Groundwater
56
The water table is the level at which water stands in a shallow well.
Water table
57
The acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment.
Adaptation
58
CHAPTER 2
59
When an individual organism can respond immediately to a changing
environment
Acclimation
60
passed from generation to generation and allow a species to live
more successfully in its environment.
Genetic traits
61
the single factor in shortest supply
relative to demand is the critical factor determining where a species lives.
Justus von Liebig
62
He stated that each environmental factor has both minimum and maximum levels, called
tolerance limits, beyond which particular species cannot survive or is unable to
reproduce
Victor Shelford
63
the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism
lives
Habitat
64
describes both the role played by a species in a biological community
and the set of environmental factors that determine its distribution.
Ecological Niche
65
British Ecologist who defined the concept of niche in 1927.
According to him, each species had a role in a community of species, and the niche
defined its way of obtaining food, the relationships it had with other species, and the
services it provided to its community.
G. E. Hutchinson
66
species that tolerate a wide range of conditions or exploit a wide range of
resource
Generalists
67
species that have a narrow ecological niche.
Specialists
68
The development of a new species.
Speciation
69
speciation that occurs when populations are
geographically separated.
Allopatric Speciation
70
when the habitat are far enough apart that population
were genetically isolated; they couldn’t interbreed with populations on the other
habitat.
Geographic Isolation
71
speciation that occurs within one geographic area
Sympatric Speciation –
72
when two identical species live in similar habitats but have
different mating calls. This difference is enough to prevent interbreeding
Behavioral Isolation
73
the shift toward one extreme of a trait.
Directional Selection
74
The study of types of organisms and their relationships.
TaxonomyAny organism that feeds directly on another living organism, whether or not this kills the
prey.
75
A type of antagonistic relationship within a biological community
Competition
76
competition among members of the same species.
Intraspecific competition
77
competition between members of different species
Interspecific competition
78
Any organism that feeds directly on another living organism, whether or not this kills the
prey.
Predator
79
Two or more species live intimately together, with their fates linked.
Symbiosis
80
type of symbiosis in which both members’ benefits
Mutualism
81
type of symbiosis in which one member clearly benefits and the
other apparently is neither benefited nor harmed.
Commensalism
82
a form predation may also be considered symbiosis because of the
dependency of the parasite on its host
Parasitism
83
one species living inside another one
Endosymbiosis
84
one species living on the surface of the other species.
Ectosymbiosis
85
Plays a critical role in a biological community that is out of proportion to its abundance.
Keystone Species
86
The rate of biomass production.
Primary Productivity
87
an expression of the total number of organisms in a biological community.
Abundance
88
a measure of the number of different species, ecological niches, or genetic
variation present.
Diversity
89
refers to patterns of spatial distribution of individuals and
populations within a community, as well as the relation of a particular community to its
surroundings.
Ecological structure
90
proposed that the more complex
and interconnected a community is, the more stable and resilient it will be in the face of
disturbance.
Robert MacArthur
91
lack of fluctuations in composition or functions
Constancy
92
resistance to perturbations
Inertia
93
ability to repair damage after disturbance
Renewal
94
a community with gradual or indistinctIn primary succession on land, the first colonists (microbes, mosses,
and lichens) that can withstand a harsh environment with few resources. boundaries over which many
species cross.
Open Community
95
the community that developed last and lasted the longest.
Climax Community
96
the history of community development. When a succession
occurs, organisms occupy a site and change the environmental conditions.species that can survive periodic disturbance (survive fires
underground, or resist the flames, and then reseed quickly after fires).
Ecological Succession
97
In primary succession on land, the first colonists (microbes, mosses,
and lichens) that can withstand a harsh environment with few resources.
Pioneer species
98
Any force that disrupts the established patterns of species diversity and abundance,
community structure, or community properties.
Disturbance
99
species that can survive periodic disturbance (survive fires
underground, or resist the flames, and then reseed quickly after fires).
Disturbance-adapted species
100
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