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CAIE A-level International History > Chapter 1: Empire and the emergence of world powers > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Empire and the emergence of world powers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Imperialism?

A

To rule foreign people. (P.S. It’s different from capitalism as it’s a political form, while capitalism is an economic form)

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2
Q

Reasons for imperial expansion in the late 19th century?

A

Economic:
- Industrialization: mechanization leads to mass production, which increases the need for raw material and markets.
- Relieving periodic depression.
- Competition for raw materials: Rich resources in Africa and Asia.
Political:
- Growth of nationalism: experience used as a method to reinforce/appeal to domestic nationalism.
- Imperialism as a social policy: divert public attention, promise to finance reforms by imperial expansion
- Strategic control of key regions: Egypt & South Africa are vital posts along trade route from UK to India (the Suez Canal).

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3
Q

Facilitating factors of Imperialism?

A
  • Medical advances: treatment to disease like malaria
  • Technological advances: transport & communications system & firearms
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4
Q

Key conflicts in Europe during imperial expansion?

A

Britain & France (old-school colonists) vs Germany (challenger)

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5
Q

Which countries in Africa and Asia have what raw materials?

A

Raw cotton in Mozambique and India, copper in Southern Africa, rubber in the Congo and tin in British Malaya (modern Malaysia)

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6
Q

When and what was Anglo-French Tension?

A

1876-1896
- The Suez Canal built by French: British bought 40% shares.
- Egypt bankrupt–>uprising of officers.
- Although France vetoed against sending troops in Egypt, Britain sent in troops and took control of the Suez Canal in 1882.
- French refuse to cooperate with Britain for over 20 years.
- By 1885 the Ferry government was replaced by Boulanger’s govenrment in Fance
- Boulanger strongly believed in revanchism, and started invest heavily in Russian industries while preparing war against Germany

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7
Q

What’s the Two Power Standard?

A

Naval Defense Act issued by Britain in 1889. The number of battleships must at least be equal to the next two strongest navies combined.

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8
Q

The aftermath of Two-power Standard?

A
  • Failed to contain France and Russia: while Britain had 10 battleships completed and another three projected, the French and Russians begun construction of a combined 12 battleships with another three projected.
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9
Q

Bismarck’s Realpolitik

A
  • Non-aggresive policy, building alliances between various countries
  • Primary aim: keep France isolated
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10
Q

The New Course and Weltpolitik

A
  • Wilhelm II overturned Bismarck system (the New Course)
  • Place in the sun (naval power-building)
  • Led to Franco-Russian alliance
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11
Q

The cause of Fashoda Incident?

A

Britain aimed to link Uganda to Egypt, France aimed to extend domain.
Both ordered troops to march on Fashoda.

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12
Q

Consequences of the Fashoda Incident?

A
  • Britain and France reached an agreement in 1899, Britain controlled Egypt and France controlled Morocco.
  • Anglo-French relations improved: Entente Cordiale & Britain supporting France in Morocco Incident
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13
Q

Significance of Entente Cordiale?

A

1904
- Significant improvement in Anglo-French relations
- Gave France security against Germany
- Threat to Germany who relied on Britain neutrality
- Triple Entente (+ Russia)

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14
Q

What happend in the Moroccan Crisis?

A

1905
Germany’s goal: break alliance between Britain and France.
- Germany attacked France in Morocco and announced they would help maintain independence of Morocco (to reinflict conflict on the region and try out Britain’s attitude towards the matter)
- Britain backed France, Germany failed

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15
Q

Consequence of the Moroccan Crisis?

A
  • Germany failed to promote Weltpolitik
  • Entente Cordiale strengthened
  • Britain saw German as a threat to British interests.
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16
Q

What happened in the second Morocco Crisis?

A

1911
German gunboat sent, demanded French Congo, which is (of course) denied by French.
Britain helped France again, Germany failed again.

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17
Q

Naval Race time period+consequences?

A

1906-1914, with Germany eventually losing with only 22 battleships while Britain had 34. Germany let go of Weltpolitk and refocused on land Army.
Consequences:
Rising tension between Britain and Germany (obviously)
Declining popularity in Germany

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18
Q

The context and content of Open Door Policy?

A

Context: First Sino-Japanese war raised possibility of partitioning China. (Japan defeated the Beiyang fleet which was considered to be the greatest military power of China at the time.)
- After Spanish-American War, US increased presence in Asia and trade with China.
- As a latecomer, US wasn’t satisfied with the “Sphere of influence” of western powers in China. Thus in 1899, US proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis and to keep any power from totally controlling the country.

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19
Q

What is Boxer Rebellion?

A

An armed, anti-imperialist, anti-Christian insurrection from 1889 to 1901.

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20
Q

Causes of Boxer Rebellion?

A

Long term:
- China in crisis—political humiliation—>economic difficulties
- Conservative court: the failure of Hundred Days’ Reform
- Cixi supported the Boxer Movement in hope for using it against western powers
Local causes:
- Extreme weather conditions: flooding & drought–>famine, which leaves people in poverty and disease, thus they had nothing better to do than rebel
- The tradition of secret society (White Lotus, the Big Swords Society etc.) belived in possession and invulnerability (which basically means they cannot be penetrated with any kind of weapon)

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21
Q

Trigger of Boxer Rebellion?

A

Religious conflict.
- Mistrust towards missionaries: Christianity challenged Chinese values
- Discontent towards privileges granted to Christians: bandit gang claimed to be Catholics to avoid prosecution

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22
Q

Qing-Boxer relations

A

Boxers considered the Qing corrupt and too weak to resist foreign incursions. In late 1899, the Qing appointed Yuan Shikai who began suppressing boxers.
However, hoping the Boxers might drive foreigners from China, Cixi gave them cautious support.

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23
Q

The death of Ketteler

A
  • Clemens von Ketteler, German diplomat
  • killed on the streets of Beijing by a Manchu captain->western antagonized
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24
Q

Eight-nation alliance

A
  • Allied troops invaded and occupied Beijing quickly
  • Cixi forced to fled to Xi’an, Li Hongzhang set for peace talks
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25
Q

Aftermath of the Eight Nation alliance?

A
  • Qing was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol in 1901, which required them to:
    • pay reparations
    • ban anti-foreign groups, impose military restrictions, situate foreign
      troops permanently in Beijing
    • reform
  • Boxer and governmental officials punished for crimes against foreign governments
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26
Q

Consequences of the Boxer Rebellion?

A

China:
- Undermined authority of Qing imperial court–>end of Manchu Dynasty
- Cixi forced to reform, allowing growth of new political forces (Yuan Shikai)

Foreign powers:
- Ceded from interference in Chinese affairs, direct rule–> indirect rule
- Japanese replace Europeans as the dominant power–> increase clashes with Russia
- The Open Door Policy was adopted, which benefited US

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27
Q

What happened in the first Boer War?

A

1880-1881
Britain vs South African Republic
Ill-prepared British troops defeated
The Pretoria Convention (1881): the Transvaal and Orange Free State given self-governing status

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28
Q

What happened in the second Boer War?

A

1899-1902
- Britain vs two Boer Republics (the Transvaal, Orange Free State
- British victory, yet spent more than 200 million pounds (the largest and most costly war the British engaged between Napoleonic Wars and WWI)

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29
Q

Causes of the Boer War?

A

Boer: Cape Colony under British control–> Dutch unwilling to be ruled by British
Britain: Wanted to gain control over nearly-discovered resources
Uitlanders flooded in, and soon outnumbered Boers

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30
Q

What’s the Jameson Raid?

A

1895
British gov hoped settlers rebel against the Transvaal government
Cecil Rhodes ordered British forces-led by Jameson-to go to their assistance as a pretext for invasion, yet failed to materialize and was swiftly driven back.

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31
Q

Who was Paul Kruger?

A
  • President of South African Republic (Transvaal)
  • During first Boer War, negotiated with Britain
  • Led Boers in the second Boer War
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32
Q

The Kruger Telegram, its causes and consequences?

A

1896 Wilhelm II congratulated him on repelling the Jameson raid.
Causes:
- Weltpolitik: gain another colony with Boer support
- diplomatically isolate Britain so that they become friendly with Germany
Consequences:
- Boers hoped for future German support in the future
- Telegram aroused first wave of popular hostility against Germany in Britain before WWI

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33
Q

Strengths of British and Boers?

A

Britain:
- superior weapons and firepower
- advanced training
- extensive imperial empire–>more financial resources

Boers:
- Modern rifles
- More motivated as they’re fighting for their homeland
- know the area better
- local supports

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34
Q

Key to Boer’s success in the first Boer War?

A
  • British unfamiliarity with guerrilla tactics
  • Extensive support for the guerrillas among the civilian population
35
Q

Britain response strategies towards guerrilla warfare?

A
  • Scorched Earth Policy: an army burns crops and property in an area to deny the enemy food and shelter
  • Concentration camps: originally intended to shelter homeless refugees, later were administered harshly in the hopes that this would force the Boers to surrender
36
Q

The costs of Britain achieving victory in the Boer war?

A
  • High casualty: around 100,000 (22,000 deaths) on British side
  • War spending: more than 200 million
  • a shock to the public
    · public opinion grew divided over whether Britain should continue its imperialist policies
    · many felt Britain was vulnerable–>entered alliance with France and Russia
  • Harms to reputation
    · scorched Earth policy: worsened relations because they made enemies with local civilians
    · the camps caused over 30000 civilian deaths
  • Anglo-German relationship decayed
37
Q

Prelude of Berlin Conference?

Hint: Belgium, France, Britain

A

Leopold II of Belgium felt jealous toward his cousin, Queen Victoria, who owned a vast empire
Claimed the Congo Free State
French immediately claimed territory to the north, British convinced Portugal to expand their claims to the territory to the South.

38
Q

Important terms of Berlin Treaty?

A

1884-85
- A European nation would have to inform other govs of its claim immediately, and demonstrate that the territory was effectively occupied.
- Free passage should be given to all ships on the Niger and Congo rivers
- Slavery should be abolished throughout the continent

39
Q

Impacts of Berlin Treaty?

A
  • accelerated the speed of colonization in Africa
  • didn’t eliminate hostility
    added further impetus to the race for new land
    (Balance of Power)
40
Q

Japanese seclusion?

A

1603-1868
Isolationist foreign policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate
- Relations and trade between Japan and other countries severely limited, Japanese kept from leaving country, only permit Dutch factory at Pejima in Nagasaki

41
Q

Perry Expedition goal and causes?

A

Goal: to open Japanese ports to American trade
Causes:
- Growing commerce between US & Asia, wanted market in China and Japan (Netherlands unfair to US)
- Presense of whalers in waters off Japan (angered by harsh treatment shipwrecked Americans received)
- ‘Manifest destiny’: US wanted Japan to be part of their sphere of influence

42
Q

Fillmore and Perry’s letter was generally about______

A
  • Fillmore’s letter: open Japanese ports, provide ports with coal that can resupply ships, protection of US citizens that shipwrecked
  • Perry’s letter: more aggressive
43
Q

Impact of Perry Expedition?

A
  • Tairo and Komei (Emperor) had different opinions. Tairo wanted to learn from foreigners and strengthen Japan in order to reimpose a policy of isolation. Komei wanted to expel barbarians immediately.
  • Led to Sonno Joi (尊皇攘夷）, and Meiji Reform (1868)
44
Q

State-building of Meiji Reform?

A

Constitutional Monarchy:
- emperor became crucial power
- parliament: only the wealthiest 1% of population could vote
- Constitution: only emperor can change

Abolishing feudalism
- Yearly stipend–>one-time payment
- Deprived samurai of class privileges; all class equal
- Encouraged samurai do other work
- National land tax system

45
Q

Military building of Japan?

A
  • gov. investment to private enterprises to manufacture goods
  • railways, shipyards and textile factories developed
  • universal conscription: 1873, 3-year military service from all men
  • one-third of national budget was spent on army and navy
  • by 1894, the Japanese navy gained 28 modern warships
46
Q

The first Sino-Japanese war consequences?

A

1894-95
Japan won, gained control over Korea and Taiwan
- caused concern among western powers (observers predicted an easy victory for China)
- Japan forced to give up Liaodong Peninsula (taken by Russia)

47
Q

Why Japan was able to defeat China?

A

China weakness
- Economy crippled by war reparations and unequal treaties
- Self-strengthening movement only partially supported by court
- Corruption prevalent
- Court not determined

Japan strengths
- Better equipped and better trained
- More industrialized after the Meiji Reform
- More motivated

48
Q

Triple intervention facts and consequences?

A
  • China obliged to recognize independence of Korea, cede Taiwan, Pescadores Islands and Liaodong to Japan, pay much money, open ports
  • Russia gain control of port Arthur
    Supported by France due to Franco-Russian alliance
    Germany wanted to draw Russia away from interests in Balkans, and exchange for Russian support
  • Japan forced to give up Liaodong Peninsula
  • Japan felt humiliated by this and embarked upon a programme of naval expansion
49
Q

Anglo-Japanese Alliance goals?

A

1902-1923
Japan: wanted support against Russia; gain recognition from foreign powers in regards to its control over Korea
Britain: wanted to counter Russia’s expansion; Boer war–>feel vulnerable

50
Q

Main terms of Anglo-Japanese Alliance?

A
  • Remain neutral if the other fought with a single power
  • Accepted Japan’s claim over Korea
51
Q

Impacts of Anglo-Japanese Alliance?

A
  • Discouraged France from joining the Russo-Japanese War
  • Treaty renewed in 1905, again in 1911 after Japan annexation of Korea
  • WWI Japan sided with Britain
52
Q

Reason for Cancellation of Anglo-Japanese Alliance?

A

1921-22
- Washington Conference formally ended the alliance
- Britain’s naval rivalry with Germany and Russia no longer existed
- Wished to maintain close ties with US

53
Q

Russo-Japanese War causes?

A

Russia:
- Due to Taipei Rebellion, China was unable to resist Russian pressure and ceded Russia all territory
- Expansionist policy
- sought warm water port and port Arthur was good

Japan:
- feared that Russia would restrict its plans to create sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria
- Japan tried to compromise with Russia, yet Russia refused and invaded Korea

54
Q

Russo-Japanese war process?

A
  • Japan launched surprise attack and defeated Russian fleet at Port Arthur
  • Sent Baltic fleet to Japan, yet took a long time
    · misfire incident with British fishing vessels caused Britain to close the Suez Canal–> fleets had to sail for 8 months across Atlantic
    · needed coal to fuel ships
  • Quickly defeated
55
Q

Russian Revolution of 1905? (Facts & causes)

A
  • Growing pains of workers and peasants, triggered by defeats
  • Japan and Britain helped revolutionaries by supplying them with arms and money
  • Russian government feared revolution more than losing a war with Japan
  • Gov decided to quickly end war and deliver all efforts on subduing population
56
Q

Treaty of Portsmouth terms?

A

Roosevelt mediated discussions between Russia and Japan
- Russia refused to pay reparations
- recognized Korea
- Evacuated from manchuria
- ceded lease of Port Arthur, southern half of Sakhalin Island

57
Q

Why Japan was able to defeat Russia?

A

Russian arrogance and weakness
- Incompetent leadership, corruption & nepotism rampant
- Lack of modern equipment
- Problems with logistics, railway failed to meet demand of supply
- x support from France
- 1905 Revolution

Japanese strengths
- ships modern, crews more efficient–> Navy contain Russian Far East fleet
- Troops better led, more motivated and aggressive
- British assistance: Japan opened loan in British banks

58
Q

Aftermaths of Russo-Japanese war?

A

Russia:
- forced to accept peace treaty
- expansion in far east stopped
- weakened, forced into alliance with Britain against Germany

Japan:
- national pride
- small part of territory and huge debts–>rise of militarism
- gained international reputation but also western concerns

Britain: efficiently weakened both Russia and Japan

USA: showed presence in Asia, gained international reputation as the mediator

59
Q

Japan’s involvement in WWI?

A
  • declared war against Germany to honor Anglo-Japanese alliance
  • seized German military base on Shandong Peninsula, navy occupied Germany’s south pacific possessions
  • increase exports: trade with Far East and provide goods Europeans couldn’t
  • expansion: Japanese invaded and occupied Chinese territory which was owned by Germans
60
Q

Twenty-one demands goal & terms?

A

Goal: to turn China into Japan’s protectorate
Terms:
- confirmed Japan’s seizure of German ports and operations in Shandong
- Expanding Japan’s sphere of influence in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia
- Gave Japan control of Han-Ye-Ping mining
- Barred China from giving further coastal or island concessions to foreign power
- China hire Japanese advisors who could control China’s finance and politics

61
Q

Reactions of the Twenty-one demands?

A

China: wide boycott against Japanese goods
USA: strongly negative reactions to Japan rejection of Open Door Policy
Britain: concern over what was perceived as Japan’s overbearing, bullying approach
Japan was forced to make compromise and abandon advisors but controlled Shandong

62
Q

Reasons for American Isolationism?

A
  • Mentality: the New World vs the Old World
  • Natural resources: a vast country
  • Europe: peace in the 19th century
  • Domestic affairs: westward expansion & the civil war
63
Q

Monroe Doctrine terms?

A

A joint US-British declaration forbidding future colonization in Latin America
- USA won’t interfere in the internal affairs of or wars between European powers
- USA recognized and won’t interfere with existing colonies
- Western hemisphere closed to future colonization
- Attempt to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the US

64
Q

Impacts of the Second Industrial Revolution on US?

A
  • New cheap inputs: iron & steel, railroads & coal
  • New products–>mass production
  • New process–>modern management, mechanization, chain of command
  • Class conflict: capitalists wanted to reduce economic stability and led to monopoly; workers wanted to improve wages and working conditions, and were struggling with leisure time
65
Q

Acts of westward expansion?

A

Homestead Act (1862)
- All US citizens could apply for “homestead” or 160-acre plot of land
- federal government granted over a million and a half homesteads
Cowboy West
- development of cattle industry
- Longhorns displaced buffalo

66
Q

Causes of Cowboy West

A
  • Railroad
  • expanding market in the North
  • Indian removal
67
Q

Indian Policy in the 19th century?

A
  • Indians were defined as domestic subjects
  • Tribal law cannot be against US law
  • Controlled but self-rule
  • Tightened control 1800-1850s
  • Natives not granted citizenship
  • 1870–, more restriction on rights
  • 1871–, no new treaties with Indians
  • 1885, Indians were local dependent communities
68
Q

The Dawes Act (1887)?

A
  • End of reservation system (largely restored by the New Deal)
  • Reservation broken into fractions–>natives receive allotment and citizenship
  • other lands sold to private citizens (“land rush”)
69
Q

Wounded Knee Massacre facts?

A

1890
- gov worried about the increasing influence of Ghost Dance movement
- final clash between federal troops and the Sioux
- 150 natives died, nearly half women and children

70
Q

When was the Frontier closed and what were the consequences?

A

1890
- No apparent tracts of land without settlers, thus close
- 1893 Fredrick Turner wrote “the significance of the Frontier in American history”
- signs of expansionism （manifest destiny）

71
Q

Causation of USA expansionism?

A
  • oversupply of silver (gold rush) + speculation (railroad) = overproduction (bubble)–>economic panic
  • businessmen campaigned against US high tariffs on imports and demanded free market
    more markets in Latin America & Asia (Europe enforcing protectionism)
72
Q

Cuban War of Independence date and American standpoint shifts?

A

1894
To isolate rebels, Spanish introduced reconcentrado policy, and rural communities (around 200,000 Cubans) were forced to move to camps close to Spanish army bases.
Americans viewed this as undemocratic, yet stayed mostly neutral in the Civil War
However, American businesses was threatened by Cuban’s fight for independence

73
Q

American Intervention Context?

A

Context:
- Long-standing interest in Cuba
- Monroe Doctrine, Manifest destiny
- Pan-American movement: hoping to open Latin American markets to US trade
- Yellow Journalism: public opinion influenced
- The sinking of the USS Maine: Maine mysteriously exploded, yellow journalism claimed the Spanish was responsible (catalyst)

74
Q

Cuba Independence: American intervention causes?

A

Causes:
- Spain rejected US attempts at mediation
- exaggerated news

75
Q

Cuba Independence: American intervention consequences?

A

Consequences:
- “Splendid little war”, short-lived
- Opening the road to Latin America
- Cuba forced to accept Platt Amendment (allow US intervention)
Treaty of Paris(1898) granted: temporary control of Cuba, Ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam, $20 million in exchange of Philippines
- Hawaiian annexation
- Philippine-American War

76
Q

Cause of Philippine-American War?

A

1899-1902
Cause: objected terms of Treaty of Paris and struggled for independence
- 1946 Philippines gained independence

77
Q

Why Spanish-American War important?

A

Economy: US invest heavily into Cuban economy, especially Cuban sugar and tobacco. War defended economic interests.
Expansion: US able to acquire territories such as Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico
New ideology: colonial rule in Philippines promote US as a fair, peacemaking country

78
Q

Big Stick Policy: what is it?

A

Theodor Roosevelt: “speak softly and carry a big stick”
Negotiation + force = balance of power
- mediating Russo-Japanese War
- Gentleman’s Agreement of 1907

Force:
- Panama Canal
- Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

79
Q

Panama Canal: how did US attain it?

A
  • 1902, US purchased French assets in the canal zone
  • 1903, Hay-Herran Treaty refused by Colombia
  • US support Panama independence movement, than recognized its independence
  • US attained exclusive and permanent possession of the Panama Canal Zone
80
Q

Roosevelt Corollary, what is it?

A

Turning passive Monroe Doctrine into a positive practice: making sure European powers don’t intervene Latin American States through force. Regional police power

81
Q

How did US get involved in WWI?

A

Neutrality:
- Isolationism regarding Europe was still strong
- Neutrality allowed trading with both sides
—>
Intervention:
- Escalating German submarine war (sinking of RMS Lusitania 1915 caused over 100 US deaths, 1917 German resumed)
- Zimmermann Telegram (1917) (urged Mexico to side with Germany and promised return of territories such as Arizona, Texas etc.)

82
Q

What’s wilsonianism?

A

Collective security, economic globalization, Monroe Doctrine globalization, international society

83
Q

What is Fourteen Points?

A

1918
- Statement of principles for peace, negotiations to end WWI
- Translating progressivism into foreign policy (free trade, open agreements…)
- Applicability of Wilsonian idealism doubted

84
Q

What is League of Nations, and what’s its goal?

A
  • First worldwide intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace
    Goal: disarmament, prevent war through collective security, improve global welfare
  • US senate refuse to ratify Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations

CAIE A-level International History (3 decks)

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