chapter 1- drugs Flashcards
drugs
any chemical entity or mixture, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health (such as food), which alters biological function or structure when administered.
psychoactive drug
a substance that affects the mind. psychoactive substances often produce feelings of euphoria or altered perception.
illicit drug
drugs that are currently illegal or heavily regulated including heroin, cociane, marijuana; the illegal use of a legal drug.
licit drug
drugs that can be purchased legally without many restrictions: alcohol, caffeine, nicotine.
pharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on living systems.
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on behavior.
spectrum of substance abuse
use is not abuse- most users do not use it in ways that can be defined as either abuse or dependence.
beneficial use (positive health, social, or spiritual effects) –> casual/ nonproblematic use (recreational, casual, other use that has negligible health or social effects) –> problematic use (use that begins to have negative consequences for individual, family/ friends or society) –> chronic dependence (use that has become habitual and compulsive desperate negative health and social effects)
recreational drug use
licit: having an alcoholic drink to relax before dinner, smoking a cigarette for enjoyment.
illicit: smoking weed to get high, taking LSD for the hallucinogenic effects.
instrumental drug abuse
licit: taking valium with a prescription to relieve anxiety, taking No Doz to stay awake on a long trip.
illicit: taking amphetamines without a prescription to stay awake the night before a test, taking morphine without a prescription to relieve pain.
why do people take drugs?
to feel please and to avoid pain, to change the state of consciousness, to enhance spiritual, religious, or mystical experiences, to facilitate and enhance social interactions, to alter and improve the body.
drug use risk factors
reasons people take drugs
drug use protective factors
a person’s choice to not use drugs
percentage of the world that uses illicit drugs
5.4%
what countries use the most alcohol?
Moldova, Lithuania, Czechia, seychelles, US
what countries use the most prescription stimulants?
US, Costa Rica, Brazil, New Zealand, Bolivia
what countries use the most opioids?
serbia, US, Nigeria, australia, Iran
what percentage of drugs in the world are used in the US?
65%
what is the leading cause of death for 18-49 year olds in the US?
overdose
what illicit drug is used by most people over age 12 in the US?
e-cigarrettes
what drugs is used by most high school students?
marijuana
what role does gender play in drug use?
males are more likely than females to use drugs.
what role does age play in drug use?
ages 21-25 report the highest rate of illicit drug use.
what role does ethnicity play in drug use
asians report the least drug use, followed by hispanic and latino, whites, American Indians and blacks, two or more races.
depressants
depress the central nervous system activity leading to decreased physiological activity and sedation (alcohol, barbiturates, sleep aids)
stimulants
stimulate the CNS leading to increases in physiological processes and motor behavior (cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines)
narcotics
drugs that are opium derivatives and/or bind to opiate receptors; relieve pain.
analgesic
substance that relieves pain (codeine, fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone)
hallucinogens
substances that alter perception/ consciousness (psychedelics: LSD, psilocybin; dissociative: PCP, ketamine, salvia, deliberants)
cannabinoids
complex behavioral aspects (marijuana)
drug naming
upon discovery, a drug is given a chemical name, after a patent is applied for the drug is given a generic name and a brand name.
chemical name
describes molecular structure of the drug
generic name
official, nonproprietary designation
trade name
proprietary, chosen by the manufacturer of the drug
monitoring the future survey
ongoing study of the behaviors, attitudes, and values of American youth; 2020 results- nicotine vaping has remained steady but is still high, marijuana vaping remains steady but daily use increase, alcohol use declined, amphetamines inhalants and cough medicine misuse among 8th graders.
how are new drugs developed?
preclinical trials (up to 10 yrs) begin with drug discovery and moves to animal testing; an IND application is filed and if approved: clinical trials (6-7 years). phase 1 safety is tested with 20-100 volunteers, phase 2 efficacy is tested with 100-500 volunteers, phase 3 more information is collected regarding safety, efficacy, interactions, and pharmacokinetics with 1000 or more volunteers. a NDA application is filed and if approved; FDA review (0.5-2 years) the application, labeling and manufacturing. if the FDA approves the drug is related and postmarking monitoring occurs indefinitely.
