Chapter 1-Discovery and Exploration Flashcards
Who was the Viking adventurer from Scandinavia who landed in North America around A.D. 1000?
Leif Ericson
Around A.D. 1400, five Iroquois tribes joined to form the _______________, which the tribes called the Tree of Peace.
Iroquois League of Five Nations
What were the three most advanced civilizations to develop in the Western Hemisphere before it’s discovery?
Mayas and Aztecs (Mexico)
Incas (Peru)
What system dominated the Middle Ages where the kingdoms consisted of large tracts of land called manners which were ruled by lords and these lords divided their manners into small plots of land, where search the woodwork and share their produce with the lord of the manor?
Feudalism
Between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1300, Roman popes influenced European kings and noblemen to lead a series of ____________________ to drive the Muslims from the Holy Land and reconquer it for Christendom.
Crusades
Between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1300, Roman popes influenced European kings and noblemen to lead a series of crusades to drive the ________________ from the Holy Land and reconquer it for Christendom.
Muslims
What was the only successful crusade where the Catholics of the Iberian Peninsula drove the Moors from the region of Granada in southern Spain?
Reconquista
The Reconquista’s purpose was to drive out the _______________ from Granada in southern Spain.
Moors
The crusade called the Reconquista drove out the Moors from the region of _____________ in southern Spain.
Granada
What new social class arose in Europe as trade with the Orient increased, and was a class of merchants, traders, craftsmen, and me of other professions who were neither extremely rich nor extremely poor?
Middle class
What were the four greatest nations to emerge in Western Europe?
England
France
Spain
Portugal
What would prompt kings to sponsor expeditions to conquer new lands and would inspire explorers to seek new wealth, honor, and glory for their sovereign rulers and their homelands?
Nationalism
The Renaissance in Europe led to advances in the science of _________________ at sea with more accurate maps and improved rudders for the steering of ships.
Navigation
What was perhaps the most important invention during the Renaissance?
Movable-type printing press
Who was the German printer who introduced the movable-type printing press in Europe in about 1440?
Johann Gutenberg
When did Johann Gutenberg introduce the movable-type printing press in Europe?
1440
When did Martin Luther nail the Ninety-five theses to the church door in Wittenburg, Germany, beginning the Reformation?
1517
Who began the Reformation in 1517 by protesting false doctrines of the Roman Catholic church by nailing his Ninety-five Theses to the church door in Wittenburg, Germany?
Martin Luther
Who was the Protestant reformer who would have an important influence on the people who would colonize North America?
John Calvin
What were the people who were influenced by John Calvin called?
Hueguenots (France)
Dutch Reformed (Holland)
Presbyterians (Scotland)
Puritans (England)
Who founded a navigation school, employed expert mapmakers, built an observatory to study the position of the sun and stars, and designed a new kind of ship, the caravel, to sail against the wind?
Prince Henry the Navigator
By 1488, who had reached the Cape of Good a Hope at the southern tip of Africa?
Bartholomew Diaz
Who sailed all the way around Africa to India, opening a new all-water route to the East?
Vasco de Gama
Who discovered America, but thought it was India?
Christopher Columbus
Who did Columbus approach in 1486 in Spain to support his voyage to the “Indies”?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
In what year did Christopher Columbus’s men spot land?
1492
In 1492, Columbus and his men landed on an island in the Bahamas, which Columbus named:
San Salvador
Who was the Italian who was the first to realize that Columbus had discovered a new continent?
Amerigo Vespucci
In 1507, a German map maker suggested that the new land Columbus discovered be named ________________, in Amerigo Vespucci’s honor.
America
Who drew the imaginary Line of Demarcation in 1493, to end the rivalry between Spain and Portugal over the ownership of the land?
Pope Alexander VI
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI drew an imaginary _________________, to end the rivalry between Spain and Portugal over the ownership of the land.
Line of Demarcation
Who landed on the coast of Brazil in 1500, on the Portuguese side of the Line of Demarcation, and claimed that land for Portugal?
Pedro Cabral
Following the early explorers, the ________________ came west with great armies of Spanish soldiers to conquer the Indians.
Conquistadors
Who was the conqueror and governor of Puerto Rico, who embarked on a search for a fabled fountain of youth in 1513, and made the first Spanish landing on the mainland of North America, calling it Florida?
Ponce de León
Who discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513?
Vasco de Balboa
Who was the Portuguese sailor employed by the Spanish in 1519, and embarked on an epic three-year voyage around the world?
Ferdinand Magellan
Who conquered the Aztecs of Mexico in 1521?
Hernando Cortés
Who was the leader of the Aztecs who had developed a remarkably advanced civilization when Hernando Cortés conquered them?
Montezuma
Who conquered the Incas of Peru in 1533?
Francisco Pizarro
Who discovered and explored southern Texas and parts of New Mexico and Arizona between 1528 and 1563?
Cabeza de Vaca
Who embarked on a futile search for the legendary “Seven Cities of Cíbola,” and in doing so explored southwestern United States, and one party of his men discovering the Grand Canyon?
Francisco Coronado
Who explored what is today the southeastern United States, and discovered the Mississippi River in 1541?
Hernando de Soto
Who was the the Portuguese explorer employed by the Spanish who explored the coast of California?
Juan Cabrillo
What was the first permanent European settlement in the present-day United States?
St. Augustine
What is the oldest road in the United States that was first traveled in 1581?
El Camino Real
What served as the capital of the Spanish settlement in the American Southwest, and was founded in 1610?
Santa Fe
What was the first European settlement in California?
San Diego
Who was the Spanish leader who probably controlled more if the earth’s surface than any other man in history?
Philip II
Under what Protestant queen did England begin to threaten the flow of wealth from the New World to Spain between the 1500s?
Queen Elizabeth I
Who interfered with Spanish trade by smuggling English goods into Spanish colonies in America?
Sir John Hawkins
Who attacked Spanish ships bound for Spain from the New World and stole their precious cargoes of gold and silver?
Sir Francis Drake
With what did the Roman church respond to the Protestant Reformation to crush Protestantism and to bring as many souls as possible back into the Catholic fold?
Counter-Reformation
In what year did Philip II assemble the “Invincible Armada” to defeat the English Navy, and of course, did not succeed?
1588
What fleet did Philip II assemble in 1588 to fight the English Navy?
Invincible Armada
What was the supposed water route through North America to the Pacific that the first French explorers came to the New World in search of?
Northwest Passage
Who was the Italian who explored the eastern coast of North America for France from North Carolina to Nova Scotia, Canada?
Giovanni de Verrazano
Who led an expedition that discovered the St. Lawrence River?
Jacques Cartier
What group of people established Charlesfort on the coast of South Carolina and Fort Caroline on the coast of Florida in the 1560s?
Huguenots
In what year was the first permanent French settlement in the New World established at Quebec by Samuel de Champlain?
1608
Where was the first permanent French settlement in the New World established in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain?
Quebec
Who was the “Father of New France” who established the first permanent French settlement in the New World at Quebec in 1608?
Samuel de Champlain
What two men led an expedition on 1673 which explored the central Mississippi River?
Marquette
Joliet
Who claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France and named it “Louisiana” in honor of King Louis XIV of France?
Robert Cavalier de la Salle
What did Robert Cavalier de la Salle name the entire Mississippi Valley for France?
Louisiana
The French claimed Canada, the Great Lakes region, and the Mississippi Valley as ________________, and built forts throughout this area.
“New France”
What were the French traders who paddled their canoes to scattered Indian villages, where they traded tools, clothing, utensils, blankets, and trinkets for the pelts of wild animals called?
Voyageurs
What group of Indians did not become allies with the French because Champlain joined two other tribes in attacks on them, and would side with the British in later conflicts?
Iroquois
What two tribes of Indians did Champlain join in attacks on the Iroquois of upper New York?
Algonquins
Hurons
What city in Louisiana was founded in 1718, and is probably the best-known city of French heritage in America?
New Orleans
Who was the trader and trapper who was probably the best known Frenchman of African descent in New France?
Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable
