Chapter 1- Development Flashcards
What is development?
A term that measures how advanced a country is compared to others
What is life expectancy?
The average number of years a person born in a particular country might be expected to live
What is birth rate?
The number of babies born per 1000 people per year
What is death rate?
The number of people who die per 1000 people per year
What is population density?
The number of people living within a certain area (square km)
What is literacy rate?
The percentage of population that can read or write
What is infant mortality rate?
The average number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births
What is unemployment rate ?
The percentage of people who don’t have jobs
What is urban population?
The percentage of the population who live in towns and cities
What is GDP? (Gross domestic product)
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, divided by the population (GDP per capita)
What is HDI? (Human development index)
Measurements of a countries gross national income per capita e.g life expectancy and other different indicators to get an overall average
What are the causes of global inequality?
Historical causes- colonialism
Social causes- education and health
Economic and political- government system and international relations
Environmental- climate
State rostows modernisation theory
The traditional society (farming & agriculture) => preconditions for take-off (production & railways) => take off ( industrialisation & political change ) =>the drive to maturity (imports & investments ) =>high mass consumption
The problems of rostows theory
- assumes all countries start off at the same level of development
- doesn’t consider the quality/quantity of the countries resources, population, climate hazards
- out of date (based on 18th and 19th European development)
- doesn’t consider colonisation
State Franks dependency theory
Idea that developing countries can’t develop because they are dependent on the developed countries.
These developed countries have the power to exploit the less developed countries
What are the problems of franks theory ?
- written in 1950s so it’s outdated e.g. Today some less developed countries are developing quickly for example china and India which may show the dependency theory doesn’t work for all places
- doesn’t take account of factors which may limit development e.g. Natural disaster, lack of resources, conflict etc.
What is top down development
- expensive projects often funded by international banks
- sophisticated technology, needs experts to install and maintain it
- large scale projects aimed at developments
What is bottom down development ?
- local scale projects aimed at small communities
- very cheap compared to top down, usually funded by the village itself
- straightforward technology that local people can learn to operate and repair
What is globalisation?
Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
What has globalisation resulted in?
👤increased international trade
👤a company operating in more than one country
👤greater dependence on the global economy
👤freer movement of capital, goods, and services
👤recognition of companies such as McDonalds and Starbucks in LEDCs
What is NGO
Non governmental organisation e.g. Charities
What is IGO
Intergovernmental organisation e.g. The United Nations
Which provide intermediate technology- simple technology that local people can operate and maintain themselves
What is a TNC?
A transnational corporation- a huge country that does business in several countries
Positives and negatives of NGO-led intermediate technology
👍🏼 targeted at specific needs of the local people e.g.clean water from new well
👍🏼generates jobs among local people e.g. Repairing technology
👎🏼governments rely on NGOs instead of developing their own systems to help their people
👎🏼lack of data to show how successful they are
