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Cisco DCCOR 350-601 > Chapter 1 - Define Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Define Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP)

A

Also known as BGP+. Adds following capabilities to BGP:

  • enable multicast routing policy throughout the Internet
  • connect multicast topologies within and between BGP autonomous systems

MP-BGP carries two sets of routes, one set for unicast routing and one set for multicast routing. PIM is used to build multicast data distribution trees.

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2
Q

Define

Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)

A

A detection protocol designed to provide fast forwarding path failure detection times for all media types, encapsulations, topologies, and routing protocols. Also provides consistent failure detection method for network administrators.

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3
Q

Define

First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP)

A

Network protocol that offers default gateway redundancy by allowing two or more routers to provide backup for the IP address of the default gateway.

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4
Q

Define

Virtual Router Redundancy (VRR)

A

Cisco proprietary redundancy protocol for establishing a fault-tolerant default gateway, described in detail in RFC 2281.

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5
Q

Define

Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP)

A

Cisco proprietary protocol feature that provides automatic router backup for IP hosts configured with a single default gateway on an IEEE 802.3 LAN.

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6
Q

Define

link-state advertisements (LSAs)

A

The link-state advertisement created by the OSPF designated router (DR) or pseudo node that represents a group of routers on the same interface. The network LSA advertises summary information to represent the group of routers on the network.

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7
Q

Define

Shortest Path First (SPF)

A

A routing algorithm that iterates on length of path to determine a shortest-path spanning tree. Commonly used in link-state routing algorithms. Sometimes called Dijkstra’s algorithm.

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8
Q

Define

Virtual Internet Routing Lab (VIRL)

A

Cisco virtual machines running the same network operating systems as used in the Cisco physical routers and switches.

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9
Q

Define

Virtual Device Context (VDC)

A

Partitions a single physical device into multiple logical devices that provide the following:

  • fault isolation
  • management isolation
  • address allocation isolation
  • service differentiation domains
  • adaptive resource management

A VDC instance can be managed within a physical device independently. Each VDC appears as a unique device to the connected users. A VDC runs a separate logical entity within the physical device, maintains its own unique set of running software processes, has its own configuration, and can be managed by a separate administrator.

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10
Q

Define

equal-cost multipath (ECMP)

A

Multiple routing paths of equal cost that may be used for packet forwarding.

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11
Q

Define

autonomous system (AS)

A

A collection of networks under a common administration sharing a common routing strategy. Autonomous systems are subdivided by areas. An autonomous system must be assigned a unique 16-bit number by the IANA.

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12
Q

Define

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)

A

Internet protocol used to exchange routing information within an autonomous system.

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13
Q

Define

Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF)

A

A VPN routing and forwarding instance. A VRF consists of an IP routing table, a derived forwarding table, a set of interfaces that use the forwarding table, and a set of rules and routing protocols that determine what goes into the forwarding table.

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14
Q

Define

time-to-live (TTL)

A

A field in an IP header that indicates how long a a packet is considered valid.

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15
Q

Define

Switched Virtual Interface (SVI)

A

A virtual interface (and port) that transmits only an untagged-VLAN packet for a managed switch.

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16
Q

Define

Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)

A

The IEEE standard for Ethernet. LACP (802.3ad) for the gigabit interfaces feature bundles individual Gigabit Ethernet links into a single logical link that provides the aggregate bandwidth of up to four physical links.

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17
Q

Define

generic routing encapsulation (GRE)

A

A tunneling protocol developed by Cisco that can encapsulate a wide variety of network layer protocols inside a virtual point-to-point link to Cisco routers at remote points over an IPO internetwork. By connecting multiprotocol subnetworks in a single-protocol backbone environment, IP tunneling using GRE allows network expansions across a single-protocol backbone environment.

18
Q

Define

Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM)

A

A multicast routing architecture that enables the addition of IP multicast routing on existing IP networks. PIM is unicast routing protocol independent and can be operated in two modes: dense and sparse.

19
Q

Define

shortest path tree (SPT)

A

A source tree represents the shortest path that the multicast traffic takes through the network from the sources that transmit to a particular multicast group to receivers that requested traffic from the same group. Because the characteristics of a source tree, this tree is often referred to as a shortest path tree (SPT).

20
Q

Define

Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)

A

Because multicast traffic is destined for an arbitrary group of hosts, the router uses Reverse Path Forwarding to route data to active receivers for the group. When receivers join a group, a path is formed either toward the source (SSM mode) or the RP (ASM or Bidir mode). The path from a source to a receiver flows in the revers direction from the path that was created when the receiver joined the group.

For each incoming multicast packet, the router performs an RPF check. If the packet arrives on the interface leading to the source, the packet is forwarded out each interface in the outgoing interface (OIF) list for the group. Otherwise, the router drops the packet.

21
Q

Define

Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)

A

In IPv6, multicast group management is accomplished with a set of ICMPv6 messages that comprise the Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol. MLDv1 is similar to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is similar to IGMPv3. Like IGMP, MLDv2 is backward compatible with MLDv1.

22
Q

Define

source-specific multicast (SSM)

A

Source-specific multicast (SSM) is a PIM mode that builds a source tree that originates at the designated router on the LAN segment that receives a request to join a multicast source. Source trees are built by sending PIM join messages in the direction of the source. The SSM mode does not require you to configure RPs.

23
Q

Define

any-source multicast (ASM)

A

Any-source multicast (ASM) is a PIM tree building mode that uses shared trees to discover new sources and receivers as well as source trees to form shortest paths from receivers to sources. The shared tree uses a network node as the root, called the rendezvous point. The source tree is rooted at first hop routers, directly attached to each source that is an active sender. The ASM mode requires an RP for a group range. An RP can be configured statically or learned dynamically by the Auto-RP or BSR group-to-RP discovery protocols. If an RP is learned and is not known to be a Bidir RP, the group operates in ASM mode.

24
Q

Define

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

A

Used by IP routers and their immediately connected hosts to communicate multicast group membership states.

25
Q

Define

Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)

A

A mechanism to connect multiple PIM sparse-mode (SM) domains. MSDP enables multicast sources for a group to be known to all rendezvous points in different domains. Each PIM-SM domain uses its own rendezvous points and does not need to depend on them in other domains. A rendezvous point runs MSDP over TCP to discover multicast sources in other domains. MSDP is also used to announce sources sending to a group. These announcements must originate at the domain’s rendezvous point. MSDP depends heavily on MP-BGP for interdomain operation.

26
Q

Define

Multicast Routing Information Base (MRIB)

A

A topology table that is also known as the multicast route table (mroute), which derives from the unicast routing table and PIM.

27
Q

Define

virtual port channel (vPC)

A

Allows links that are physically connected to two different Cisco Nexus 5000, 7000, 9000, and UCS Series devices to appear as a single port channel to a third device. The third device can be a Cisco Nexus 2000 Series Fabric Extender, a switch, a server, or any other networking device. vPC can provide Layer 2 multipathing, which allows creating redundancy by increasing bandwidth, enabling multiple parallel paths between nodes, and load-balancing traffic where alternative paths exist.

28
Q

Define

maximum transmission unit (MTU)

A

In computer networking, the MTU of a communications protocol of a layer is the size (in bytes) of the largest protocol data unit that the layer can pass onward.

29
Q

Define

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

A

An organization that owns the rights to assign many operating numbers and facts about how the global Internet works, including public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

30
Q

Define

Media Access Control (MAC) Address

A

A standardized data link layer address that is required for every device that connects to a LAN. Ethernet MAC addresses are 6 bytes long and are controlled by the IEEE. Also known as a hardware address, a MAC layer address, and a physical address.

31
Q

Define

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

A

A connectionless transport layer protocol in the TCP/ IP protocol stack. UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges datagrams without acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery.

32
Q

Define

message digest 5 (MD5)

A

A one-way hashing algorithm that produces a 128-bit hash. Both MD5 and SHA-1 are variations on MD4 and are designed to strengthen the security of the MD4 hashing algorithm. SHA-1 is more secure than MD4 and MD5. Cisco uses hashes for authentication within the IPsec framework. Also used for message authentication in SNMPv2. MD5 verifies the integrity of the communication, authenticates the origin, and checks for timeliness. MD5 has a smaller digest and is considered to be slightly faster than SHA-1.

33
Q

Define

type-length-value (TLV)

A

A dynamic format for storing data in any order. Used by the Cisco Generic ID PROM for storing asset information.

34
Q

Define

in-service software upgrade (ISSU)

A

The industry’s first comprehensive, transparent software upgrade capability for the IP/ Multiprotocol Label Switching edge router.

35
Q

Define

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

A

An Internet protocol used to map an IP address to a MAC address. Defined in RFC 826.

36
Q

Define

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

A

A TCP/ IP network layer protocol that reports errors and provides other information relevant to IP packet processing.

37
Q

Define

ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP)

A

Also known as Internet Router Discovery Protocol. A protocol that enables hosts to locate routers. When operating as a client, router discovery packets are generated. When operating as a host, router discovery packets are received. IRDP is only useful in the presence of host computers that are running it. Note that routers do not receive IRDP packets; therefore, unlike CDP, IRDP is not useful in a router-only environment.

38
Q

Define

Neighbor Discovery (ND)

A

A protocol that defines several mechanisms that are built into IPv6, such as prefix advertisement, duplicate address detection, ARP replacement, and router redirection. NDP uses ICMPv6 message types 133 through 137.

39
Q

Define

Router Advertisement (RA)

A

An ICMPv6 type 134 message sent periodically on the local link by an IPv6 router or upon request of a router solicitation message. The router advertisement message in IPv6 contains the IPv6 prefixes, valid and preferred lifetimes of prefixes, default router information, and some flags and options for nodes.

40
Q

Define

Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD)

A

An IPv6 mechanism used for tracking neighbor reachability.

41
Q

Define

Cisco NX-OS

A

A device operating system running on the Cisco Nexus data center family of switches.

42
Q

Define

Cisco Nexus

A

A family of Cisco network physical and virtual switches primarily targeted at the data center environments.

Cisco DCCOR 350-601 (5 decks)

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