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Foundations of Speech-Lang Pathology > Chapter 1: Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Communication Flashcards

1
Q
  1. 5 levels of communication
A 
Formulation
Transmission 
Reception
Comprehension 
Modality
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2
Q
  1. Define formulation
A

the process of bringing all of your thoughts together before sharing with others (planning)

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3
Q
  1. Define transmission
A

The act of conveying thoughts/ideas that were formulated to another person (speaking)

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4
Q
  1. Define reception
A

the act of hearing/receiving information from person A (hear)

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5
Q
  1. Define comprehension
A

the process of making sense of that message

making sense

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6
Q
  1. Define modality
A

the manner in which information is being conveyed. This could be taken in many different ways –> speech, gesture, writing, etc
(different ways to communicate)

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7
Q
  1. A model of communication
A
  • Feedback
  • linguistic feedback
  • non-linguistic feedback
  • paralinguistic feedback
  • Communication breakdown
  • Conversational repair
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8
Q
  1. Feedback
A

Information provided by the receiver to the sender

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9
Q
  1. Linguistic feedback
A

Speaking and vocalizing

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10
Q
  1. Non-linguistic feedback
A

Eye-contact, facial expression, posture, and proximity

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11
Q
  1. Extra Note - Proximity
A

In different cultures, communications are done differently. For example, in the US and European countries, people stand quite far away from each other. However, in eastern countries (central Asia), people stand much closer.

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12
Q
  1. Para-linguistic feedback
A

Pitch, loudness, and pausing

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13
Q
  1. Communication breakdown
A

Distractions, lost of thought, mistaken facts, etc

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14
Q
  1. Conversational repair
A

Fixes mistakes within conversation.

Ex: Refocusing topic, regaining train of thought, and fixing facts, etc.

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15
Q
  1. The Purpose of Communication
A
  • Effective communication
    • What do they do
  • Grice’s Maxims (Linguist)
  • Maxims –> Principle of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner
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16
Q
  1. The purpose of communication
A

To provide and solicit information

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17
Q
  1. Effective communication
A

Occurs when info is successfully shared between a sender and a receiver; there is no breakdown in formulation, transmission, reception, or comprehension

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18
Q
  1. What do effective communicators do?
A

An effective communicator is one whose communications with others are effective MOST OF THE TIME

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19
Q
  1. What do effective communicators do?
A

They communicate through a shared modality, such as speaking and hearing, reading and writing, or singing

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20
Q
  1. What do effective communicators do?
A

Effective communicators avoid communication breakdowns by RESPONDING TO AND GIVING FEEDBACK DURING CONVERSATIONS

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21
Q
  1. What do effective communicators do?
A

They use communication for diverse purposes:

Ask, instructions/directions, social, express feelings, seek info, stories

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22
Q
  1. Grice’s Maxims
A

Specific principles for communicating

Grice was a linguist

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23
Q
  1. Principle of quantity
A

The sender provides the RIGHT AMOUNT and TYPE OF INFO

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24
Q
  1. Principle of Quality
A

The sender shares info that is ACCURATE

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25
Q
  1. Principle of Relevance
A

The sender communicates in a way that is APPROPRIATE to the situation

26
Q
  1. Principle of Manner
A

The sender speaks FLUENTLY, takes turns, pauses as needed, uses loudness and pitch appropriately, and engages in eye contact as expected by cultural norms

27
Q
  1. How does communication relate to language, speech, and hearing?
A
  • Language
  • Speech
  • Hearing
28
Q
  1. Extra Note - Speech and Language
A

Speech and language are NOT the same thing

29
Q
  1. Extra Note
A

People who are mentally retarded do NOT have language, or it is severely damaged, but he DOES have speech

Deaf people cannot have speech, but has language (sign language)

30
Q
  1. Language
A

Used for formulation and comprehension

Language occurs in the brain and not physically in the throat

31
Q
  1. Speech
A

Used for transmission

Mechanical act - produces phonemes because you use air and use physio function

32
Q
  1. Hearing
A

Used for reception

33
Q

4A. LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS

A
  1. socially shared
  2. is a code
  3. is arbitrary
  4. is conventional (rule-governed)
34
Q

4A. Language is socially shared

A

If its not shared, the languages are different = communication breakdown

35
Q

4A. Language is a code (symbolic)

A

Words are symbols for a referent.
Ex: Table is a word or a symbol for the referent or the actual item, the table.
Ex: Bob is the name/symbol for the referent or the person, Bob

36
Q

4A. Language is arbitrary

A

Meaning language was historically transmitted by accident. As long as everyone understands those words, it works

37
Q

4A. Language is conventional

A

Language has specific rules for sentence structure, grammar, construction, syntax, semantics, etc. For any language

38
Q

4B. REMARKABLE FEATURES OF A LANGUAGE

A
  1. universality
  2. species specificity
  3. semanticity
  4. productivity
  5. rate of acquisition
39
Q

4B. Universality

A

All humans have language

40
Q

4B. Species specificity

A

Species have their own (some people disagree)

it just depends on your definition of language

41
Q

4B. Semanticity

A

Language has meanings and you can change it

42
Q

4B. Productivity

A

The generativity - once understood, you can make any unique sentences (rules must be known for sentences, structures, and grammar)

43
Q

4B. Rate of acquisition

A

Normal children can “acquire” language quick and easy.
Children come into the world “pre-wired” to pick up on certain things. That’s why they don’t “learn” language. That mean no one teaches them from the beginning. They pick it up by acquiring it.

44
Q

4C. LANGUAGE DIMENSIONS

A
  1. semantics
  2. syntax
  3. morphology
  4. phonology
  5. pragmatics
45
Q

4C. Semantics

A

Semantics means the meaning and interpretation of words, signs, and sentence structure.

46
Q

4C. Syntax

A

Syntax is the word order

47
Q

4C. Morphology

A

Construction/process of the way each word is put together

Ex: dog, dog(s)

48
Q

4C. Phonology

A

The phonological system of a language includes. an inventory of sounds and their features, and. rules which specify how sounds interact with each other.

49
Q

4C. Pragmatics

A

Social uses of language

Ex: how to address certain people, how to talk to people, and so on.

50
Q

4D. LANGUAGE DOMAINS

A
  1. content
  2. form
  3. use
51
Q

4D. Content

A

content is the semantics

52
Q

4D. Form

A 
Form = syntax + morphology + phonology 
(grammar = syntax + morphology)
53
Q

4D. Use

A

Pragmatics

54
Q

4D. METALINGUISTICS

A

this is the use of language to talk about language

Ex: this is what a noun is, this is how you use verbs, what is an adjective, etc..

55
Q

5 SPEECH

A 
Systems involved with speech 
1. respiration
2. phonation 
3. resonance
4. articulation 
(speech is an overlaid system) --> uses pre-existing structure
56
Q

5A. Respiration

A

air is the energy behind speech

57
Q

5A. PHONATION

A

voice production - vibration of vocal folds

58
Q

5A. Resonance

A

air vibration - the difference how other people sounds than you. unique voices

59
Q

5A. Articulation

A

air in mouth - moves lips, jaws to produce different speech sounds

60
Q

5A. Disorders

A

Anybody could have disorders from any of these systems.. usually has something to do with these

Foundations of Speech-Lang Pathology (2 decks)

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