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Nutrition > Chapter 1 - Chemical/Biological/Physiological Aspects Of nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Chemical/Biological/Physiological Aspects Of nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Body is made up of ______ that joint to make __________

A

Carbon/Hydrogen/Nitrigen and other elements

Proteins/Lipids/Carbs

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2
Q

Explain from smallest to largest, what the body is made up of and what fuels this system.

A

Atoms -simple molecules - complex molecules - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems

Nutrients

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3
Q

Smallest component of an element

A

Atoms

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4
Q

2 atoms joined

A

Molecule

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5
Q

Large molecules that are diverse in structure and function

A

Complex Molecules

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6
Q

Structural and functional unit of living organisms that carry out specific functions in cells

A

Cells and organelles

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7
Q

______ come together to form tissues that carry out specific functions

A

cells

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8
Q

How many types of tissues are there

A

4

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9
Q

Made of tissue

How many?

A

Organs

40

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10
Q

Made up of organs

How many?

A

Organ systems

11

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11
Q

What are sub particles and what are their charges and where located?

A

Electrons - negative - outside nucleus

Protons - positive - nucleus

Neutron - balanced - nucleus

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12
Q

Association of two atoms with opposite charges where valence electrons are transferred to another atom

A

Ionic bonding

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13
Q

Shared electron pair between atoms

Types

A

Covalent bonding

Single/double bond in

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14
Q

What is hydrogen bonding

A

Positive charge of H can attract something with slightly negative chafe

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15
Q

Ions

A

Charged atoms

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16
Q

Cations v anions

A

Anion - negative charge

Cation - positive charge

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17
Q

When molecules lose electrons they become _______

When molecules gain electrons, they become _______

A

Oxidized

Reduced

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18
Q

Redox reactions.

A

When one or more electrons are transferred between molecules

Reduction AND oxidation is happening

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19
Q

Pure substance made up of one atom

A

Element

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20
Q

How many elements are naturally occurring and how many are essential for human health (what are they?)

A

92

20

O2, C, H, N, C, P

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21
Q

Formed when chemical bonds join two or more atoms together

A

Molecule

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22
Q

What are chemical bonds

A

Attractive force between atoms that are formed by the transfer of sharing electrons

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23
Q

What are compounds? Examples?

A

Molecules composed of two or more different types of atoms

Examples are water and glucose

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24
Q

Examples of complex molecules

A

Carbs/Protein/Lipids/Nucleic acid

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25
Q

Condensation v Hydrolysis

A

Condensation: Joins two molecules to form one larger molecule when enzyme removes hydroxy group from one molecule and H atom from another and speeds formation of molecules at exposed sites

Hydrolysis
- enzyme splits the molecule apart and adds hydroxyl group to one atom and H atom to another

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26
Q

what is the basis of the pH scale and what is the range?

A

Water

0-14

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27
Q

Basic v Neutral v Acid pH numbers and explain the relationship of H to OH in each

A

Basic - less than 7
-more OH

Neutral = 7
- equal OH and H

Acidic -greater than 7
- more H

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28
Q

What do buffers do?

A

Enable fluids to resist change in pH

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29
Q

What’s the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Passive transport doesn’t require ATP while active transport does.

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of Passive Transport and explain

A

Simple Diffusion - enables substances to cross membranes from region of higher concentration to lower concentration (moves down concentration gradient)

Facilitated Diffusion - dames as simple but requires a membrane bound transport protein that escorts material

Osmosis - movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

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31
Q

Substances that dissolve into ions when put in water

A

Electrolytes

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32
Q

Substances that are dissolved in fluids and when uniformly dispersed are called solutions

A

Solutes

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33
Q

Water moves from _____ solute concentration to ______ solute concentration until equilibrium is reached

A

Lower

Higher

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34
Q

Types of Active Transport

A

Carrier mediated active transport - requires energy and assistance of transport protein. Energy used to pump molecules across cell membranes against their concentration gradients

Vesicular Active Transport - part of the cell membrane that surrounds the substance, forming a vesicles. Vesicles moves across the membrane and substances are released inside (endocytosis) or outside (exocytosis)

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35
Q

Movement of nutrients and other substances across a cell membrane

A

Transport mechanisms

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36
Q

Organelles in Cell and Function

A

Mitochondria: convert chemical energy into energy yielding nutrients into ATP that is used by cells

Nucleus: houses genetic material DNA, which provides the blueprint for protein synthesis

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane: cells are surrounded by membrane that provides a protective barrier between inside and outside of cell

Golgi Apparatus: membrane sacs that process and package proteins

Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes that break down proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Removes and recycled waste products

SER : region of ER that is involved in lipid synthesis. Don’t have ribosomes and aren’t involved in protein synthesis

Cytoplasm/Cytosil: gel like substance inside cells that holds everything together. Has proteins/organelles/electrolytes/etc.

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37
Q

What are 4 types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelium, Muscle, Specialized Connective, Not eural
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38
Q

Tissue that has one side exposed to the outside and function

A

Epithelium

Provides protective layer on body surfaces as well as lines internal organs, ducts, and cavities.

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39
Q

What are 3 types of muscle tissue and where are they located and function?

A

Skeletal - muscle attached to bone;Maintains posture and moves body.

Smooth muscle tissues - wall of stomach, lungs, and other soft tissues ; gut motility, blood flow, sphincter closure, internal tissue functions

Cardiac Muscles - heart; pump blood throughout cardiovascular system

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40
Q

Tissue that sometimes is called the glue that holds the body together and what are some examples

A

Connective

Blood, Cartilage, Bine, adipose

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41
Q

Tissue that makes up brain/spinal cord/nerves and function

A

Neural/Nervous

Play roles in communication in the body

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42
Q

Consist of two or more types of tissue, and functions together to perform a variety of tasks

A

Organs

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43
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Formed when several organs work together, each organ doing a specific job

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44
Q

What are all the organ systems?

A 
Integumentary 
Skeletal 
Muscular 
Nervous 
Endocrine 
Respiratory 
Circulatory 
Digestive 
Reproductive 
Urinary 
Immune
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45
Q

Integumentary.

What?function?

A
  • skin/hair/nails/sweat glands

- protects against pathogens and helps regulate body temp

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46
Q

Skeletal

What? Function?

A
  • bones/cartilage/joints
  • support and structure to body; bone marrow of some bones produces blood cells. Also provides storage site for certain minerals
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47
Q

Muscular?

What?
Function?

A
  • Smooth/Cardiac/Skeletal

- assists in voluntary and involuntary body movements

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48
Q

Nervous.

What?
Function?

A

Brain/Spinal Cord/Nerves/Sensory Receptors

  • interpret and respond to info. Controls basic senses/movement/intellectual functions
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49
Q

Endocrine?

What?
Function?

A

Endocrine glands

-produces and releases hormones that control functions such as reproduction/hunger/blood glucose regulation/metbolism/stress response

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50
Q

Respiratory

What?
Function?

A

Lungs/nose/mouth/throat/trachea)

-governs gas exchange between blood and air. Assists in regulating blood acid-base pH

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51
Q

Circulatory

What?
Function?

A

Heart/blood vessels/blood/lymph vessels and nodes and organs

-transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones. Plays role in regulating body temp. Helps remove foreign substances and plays role in immunity

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52
Q

Digestive

What?
Function?

A

Mouth/esophagus/stomach/small intestine/large intestine/liver/gallbladder/pancreas/salivary glands

-governs physical and chemical breakdown of food into a form that can be absorbed into circulatory system. Eliminates solid waste

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53
Q

Reproductive

What?
Function?

A
  • (gonads and genitals)

- Carries out reproductive function and associated sexual characteristics, sexual function, and sexual behaviors

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54
Q

Urinary

What?

Function?

A

Kidney/bladder/uterus

-removes metabolic waste products from blood, governs nutrient reabsorption, acid base balance, and regulates water balance

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55
Q

Immune

What?
Function?

A

White blood cells/lymph vessels/bone marrow/lymphatic tissue

  • provides defense against foreign bodies, such as bacteria and viruses, and unregulated cell growth
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56
Q

What are the two communication systems in our body and how do they communicate?

A

Nervous - receives and transmits information via electrical impulses flaked neurotransmitters

Endocrine - communists using hormones

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57
Q

How does the endocrine system use hormones to communicate?

A

Hormones released from glands or cells in response to stimuli and in result bind to receptors on specific tissues, and then tissue initiates appropriate response

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58
Q

Allows humans to adapt to ever changing environments

A

Homeostasis

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59
Q

What is a negative feedback system and give an example?

A

Plays vital role in homeostasis by opposing changes in internal environment and initiating corrective responses that restore balance

Blood glucose system: eat carb high meal —blood glucose rises, pancreas detects and imitates response, release of insulin.

Insulin binds to specific receptors on cell membranes which facilitates uptake of glucose. Blood glucose levels restored

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60
Q

Hollow tube from _____ to ____ composed the ____ tract

A

Mouth
Anus
GI

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61
Q

What organs are in the GI tract? Function?

A

Mouth - mastation
Esophagus - takes food from pharynx to stomach
Stomach -muscular contractions mix food with gastric juice, causing chemical and physical breakdown of food in chyme
Small IN - digestion/absorption
Large IN/colon - digestion/reabsorption

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62
Q

Accessory organs in GI Tract?

Function?

A

Salivary glands - release mixture of water/mucus/enzymes
Liver - produces bile
Gallbladder: stores and releases bile
Pancreas: releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes chyme and contains enzymes needed for carb/protein/lipid metabolism

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63
Q

3 main functions of organs in GI tract? And definition?

A

Digestion - physical and chemical breakdown of food

Absorption - transfer of nutrients from GI travt into blood or lymph systems

Egestion - waste expelled from body

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64
Q

Tissues in GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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65
Q

Mucosa? Function?

A

Innermost lining of GI tract that contains mainly epithelial tissues

Produces secretions like enzymes and hormones that facilitate breakdown of food in GI tract

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66
Q

Submucosa? Function?

A

Later of connective tissue

  1. Contains rich blood vessels, delivering nutrients to inner mucosal layer and muscularis. Circulate most of the nutrients absorbed from SI away from GI tract
  2. Lymphatic vessels filled with lymph aids in circulation of water insoluble substances such as dietary fat away from GI tract
  3. Contains a network of nerves, that regulate the release of GI secretions from cells making up mucosal lining.
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67
Q

Muscularis?

Function?

A

Consists of two layers of smooth muscles, longitudinal and circular

Movement of the muscularis promotes mixing of good with dig. Secretions and keeps good moving along GI tract

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68
Q

Serosa?

Function?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue that encloses GI tract

Secretes fluid that lubricates digestive organs, preventing them from adhering to one another

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69
Q

Mouth to anus time?

A

24-72 hrs

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70
Q

What are some factors that can affect length of time from mouth to anus

A 
Diet
Illness
Medications 
Physical activities 
Emotions
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71
Q

One way valves that regulate flow of luminal contents from one organ to the next

A

Sphincters

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72
Q

Types of sphincters in GI tract location and function?

A

Esophageal

  • btwn stomach and esophagus
  • protects stomach from acidity

Pyloric

  • btwn stomach and SI
  • controls good and entry into SI protecting SU from stomach acidity

Ileicecal

  • between LI and SI
  • protects SI from LI bacterial contents

Anal sphincter

  • end of GIT
  • controls excretion
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73
Q

Music g and propulsion of material by muscular contractions in the GI tract. Result in from contraction and relaxation of mucked that make up muscularis

A

GI motility

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74
Q

Mixes and propels food with digestive juices (circular)

A

Segmentation

75
Q

Involves rigorous propulsive movements (longitudinal)

A

Peristalsis

76
Q

Types of GI secretions?

A 
Mucus 
Saliva 
Digestive enzymes 
GI hormones 
Bile 
Pancreatic juice 
Gastric juice
77
Q

3 regulatory mechanisms of GI tract. What types are they and how many of each

A

2 neural and 1 hormonal

78
Q

What are the two types of neural regulatory mechanisms in GI tract and function?

A

Enteric: (submucosa and muscualaris contains the GI Tracts own local nervous system.
-receives info from sensory receptors located within GI tract, and ENS responds by communicating with muscles and hormones producing cells in GI tract. Triggers muscle and glands to carry out correct response.

central nervous systems:

  • neural network connecting ENS and CNS
  • sensory and emotional stimuli can affect GI function (sight/smell/thought of food stimulate GI secretions) (sadness/anger/anxiety)
79
Q

What are two receptors in ENS and function?

A

Chemoreceptors: detect changes in lumen content

Mechanoreceptors: detect stretching or distensiin in walks did GI tract

80
Q

What is the function of the hormonal regulatory system in GI tract?
Where?

A

Mucosal lining of GI tract has endocrine cells that produce hormones

Act as chemical messengers and are released in blood in response to chemical and physical Changes in GI tract.

-alert organs to impending arrival of food and effect time and release of secretions that aid in digestion. I no

81
Q

What are the major GI hormones?

A

Gastrin
Secretin
Chilecystokinin
Ghrelin

82
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A

Cephalic/gastric/intestinal

Cephalic:

  • starts with stimuli (thought/sight/smell of food)
  • stimulates GI motility and release of secretions

Gastric

  • arrival of food in stomach
  • muscular contractions become more forceful
  • release of secretions start
  • when food reaches SI, it’s gone under a lot of change

Intestinal
-hormonal signals from SI slow the churning action of stomach, decreasing rate at which material passes out of stomach and into SI. When good enters SI, hormonal response alert accessory organs (pan and fall) and signal that intestinal phase of digestion is underway for

83
Q

Forceful grinding of teeth breaks down good into manageable pieces

A

Mastication

84
Q

Soft moist mass of food after chewing

A

Bolus

85
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

Water/mucus/digestive enzymes/antibacterial agents

86
Q

Explain the process of digestion from putting it into your mouth to lower esophageal sphincter?

(Right before stomach)

A
  1. Taste and smell cells are stimulated telling the brain to distinguish flavors
  2. Swallowing moves food from mouth to esophagus
  3. Tongue directs bolus to pharynx (voluntary)
  4. Once bolus reaches pharynx (involuntary), it’s ready to enter esophagus
  5. Soft pallets blocks nasal cavity And pulls larynx upward causing epiglottis to cover trachea that goes to lungs
  6. Esophagus is lubricated my mucus
  7. Peristalsis propels food towards stomach and ES relaxes for bolus to go to stomach, and reaches the lowest esophageal sphincter
87
Q

Shared space between oral and nasal cavities

A

Pharynx

88
Q

Impaired swallowing is called

A

Dysphagia

89
Q

What shape is the stomach and how many regions

A

J

3

90
Q

What are regions of the stomach and where?

A

Fungus: too portion that goes above lower portion of esophagus

Body: main portion (most digestion happens here)

Antrum: closest to small intestine

91
Q

Where is pyloric sphincter located at and what is it’s function?

A

Regulated good movement from stomach to duodenum (SI)

92
Q

How many functions of stomach and what are they?

A
  1. Temporary storage
  2. Production of gastric secretions needed for digestion
  3. Mixing food with gastric secretions
93
Q

When food leaves stomach it’s called ____\

A

Chyme

94
Q

What are the secretes that are important in protein digestion? And what do they do.

A

Pepsin and gastric acid

Break peptide bonds between amino acids

95
Q

Lining of stomach that allows it to stretch

A

Rugae

96
Q

What feature of the stomach allows temporary food storage?

A

Stretching

97
Q

What tells the brain that we’re full?

A

Stretching that triggers mechanoreceptors

98
Q

Holes in the stomach lining that penetrate mucosal layer

A

Gastric pits

99
Q

What are gastric pits formed by?

And types

A

Cells that release secretions

Exocrine: releases hormones into blood

Endocrine: releases secretions into ducts that empty into cavity or gastric pit

100
Q

What helps solid foods get liquefied?

A

Gastric juice

101
Q

When food comes into stomach, ______ releases the hormone ____

A

Endocrine cells; gastrin

102
Q

When gastrin is released in stomach it stimulates _______ cells to release _____,

_____ from ____

And

________ enzymes from _____ cells

A

Exocrine-HCL

INTRINSIC factor - parietal

Digestive - chief

103
Q

Role of HCL in GI

A

Major part of dissolved food particles, destroys bacteria and balances pH

104
Q

Gastric mucosal barrier?

Function?
Where?

A

Entrance of gastric pits there are secretory cells that release thin watery mucus

Prevents acidic GJ from damaging delicate stomach lining

105
Q

Common diseases that are caused by GJ get in places they shouldn’t

A

Gastric ulcers/peptic ulcers/GERD

106
Q

When food reaches stomach it is mixed with _____\ to form ________.

This stimulates ________ and ____ is pushed towards _______ ______

A

Gastric Juices / Chyme

Gastrin / chyme / pyloric sphincter

107
Q

Gastric emptying

A

The time it takes for food to leave stomach and move to SI

108
Q

Time of gastric emptying is influenced by ______, ________, _______

A

Volume, consistently, and composition of chyme

109
Q

Do large or small meals leave stomach faster?

A

Large

110
Q

Do solid or liquid foods take more time to liquefy

A

Solid

111
Q

What are some things that affect the rate of gastric emptying

A

Small intestine processing time, solid food, large or small meals, nutrient composition

112
Q

To prevent the SI by too much chyme, it releases _____ to slow down gastric emptying

A

CCK

113
Q

How many parts does the SI have and what are the parts called?

A

3

Duodenum - Jenunum - ileum

114
Q

Where does chyme first enter in SI?

A

Duodenum

115
Q

Explain the process when chyme reaches SI?

A
  1. Chyme (and secretions) enters duodenum
  2. Gallbladder contracts, bile is forced into cystic duct, which ultimately joins the common bile duct and empties into duodenum
  3. Pancreatic juice is released
  4. SI had large surface area so it’s idea for digestion and nutrient absorption
  5. Inner lining of SI (mucosa and submucosa) is arranged in circular folds (pelican circulares) that face inward, toward lumen of SI and are covered with villi
    6.
116
Q

Finger like projection inside of SI, responsible for absorption

A

Villi

117
Q

Cover billing forming brush border and trap nutrients, as well as have enzymes for final digestion

A

Microvilli

118
Q

Rapid cell turnover

A

Shedding every 2-5 days to withstand wear and tear and protect against cancer

119
Q

Enterocytes

A

Hundreds of absorptive epithelial cells on villi

120
Q

What can the inner lining of SI be compared to and what does each represent

A

Looped style bathroom rug folded like an accordion

Fold - plica
Tiny loop that covers rug represents villus

121
Q

What is the surface of the enterocyre that faces intestinal lumen covered with?

A

Microvilli

122
Q

The microvilli are often called the

A

Brush border

123
Q

Villus contains __________

Lymph contains __________

Function?

A

Network of blood capillaries

Lymphatic vessels called lacteal

Circulate absorbed nutrients away from small intestine

124
Q

Digestion on SI is regulated by _____ and _____

A

Hormones and enzymes

125
Q

What hormones regulate digestion in SI?

How?

A

CCK and secretin

Coordinate release of secretions from accessory organs, relaxation of sphincters, and GI motility ; ensure nutrient digestion and absorption in SI are rapid and efficient

126
Q

How does pancreatic juice protect SI

A
  1. Pancreas plays important role in protecting SI from chyme thats acidic
  2. Arrival of chyme releases secretin which signals pancreas to release juice
127
Q

What is needed for fat digestion and where is it made?

A

Bile

Liver

128
Q

What does bike contain?

A

Cholesterol, bile acids, bilirubin

129
Q

Are fats soluble in water of SI?

A

No

130
Q

What happens when fat is noticed in SI?

What is it called?

A

Signals release of CCK, that causes gallbladder to contract and empty into duodenum, then bile acids and cholesterol in bile act like detergents, and disperse large globules of fat into smaller droplets that are easier for enzymes to digest.

Bile is then sucked back into ileum and goes back to liver through hepatic portal vein.

Enteropheapric circulation

131
Q

After digestion is done in SI, body moves on to

A

Nutrient absorption

132
Q

Transfer of nutrients from GI tract to circulatory system

A

Nutrient absorption

133
Q

Nutrient absorption happens by way of ____

A

Simple diffusion, carrier mediated active transport, and endixytosis.

134
Q

How are nutrients absorbed?

A
  • Once absorbed they enter blood stream.
  • to enter blood or lymph system, nutrients have to cross Vado lateral membrane (membrane of enterocyte that faces away from lumen towards submucosa)
135
Q

Bio- availability?

A

Extent to which a nutrient or other food component is absorbed

136
Q

What can bioavailability be influenced by?

A

Physiological condition, diet, medication.

137
Q

After nutrient absorption happens, what is the next step?

A

Transport nutrients through the body by way of circulatory system

138
Q

What system is responsible to move nutrients throughout the body?

A

Circulatory

139
Q

Where do nutrients absorbed by the small intestine go?

A

Liver

140
Q

Explain how water soluble and fat soluble nutrients move through the body after they’re in the SI

A

Water soluble nutrients enter the bloodstream through capillaries in the Vilas then go to liver

That’s all you will nutrients go straight to the liver

141
Q

What body part gets first access to nutrients?

A

Liver

142
Q

After the liver has access to the nutrients what happens?

A

They either get stored, Undergo metabolic changes, or get released into systemic circulation which delivers nutrients to other parts of the body

143
Q

What is the determining factor in how nutrients oxygen and other substances Move through the body

A

Fat or water soluble

144
Q

What is the circulation called delivers blood to body organs

A

Systemic

145
Q

Systemic circulation deliveries blood to where?

A

All organs except for the lungs

146
Q

What are the two things that transport blood?

A

Arteries and veins

147
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart

148
Q

Where does blood from arteries go to

A

Arteries and foot away from the heart and form bed capillaries that have thin walls

149
Q

Capillary networks mark what?

A

The end of arterial blood flow to the cell and beginning of venous blood flow away from the cell back to heart

150
Q

What are some differences between arterial and Venous?

A
  1. Oxygen rich blood flows toward capillaries but oxygen poor blood moves away from them
  2. Arteries leading to capillaries become bigger but veins moving away from capillaries become larger
  3. Arterial circulation flows away from the heart when his blood flows towards the heart
  4. Arterial blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells when is blood carries metabolic waste products away from the cells
151
Q

What moves blood between lungs and the heart?

A

Pulmonary system

152
Q

Describe her blood flows from heart and lung

A

Deoxygenated venous blood comes to heart

  1. Pulmonary arteries transport blood from right side of heart to lungs
  2. CO2 and O2 exchange across the lawn capillaries
  3. CO2 is released upon exhaling and O2 is inhaled when we in here inhale and 02 goes to blood
  4. How to rich blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins and is pumped from the heart through the aorta to the rest of the body
153
Q

What system plays an important role in circulating fat-soluble nutrients away from the G.I. tract and delivering to the cardiovascular system?

A

Lymphatic system

154
Q

Each villus contains a ________ that connects to a network of __________ vessels that circulate a clear liquid called ________

A

Lacteal

Lymphatic

Lymph

155
Q

That’s all you got nutrients initially bypass the _____and enter into the ______

A

Liver

Bloodstream

156
Q

What organ is responsible for getting rid of waste and via what?

A

Kidney

Urine

157
Q

Remove substances from blood as it flows through nephrons

A

Kidney filtration

158
Q

What is hemodialysis and how does it work?

A

It’s a process that uses a machine to filter waste products from the blood and restore proper fluid balance, needs to be used at the kidney function is impaired

159
Q

Substances that are reabsorbed I return to the blood enabling the body to reclaim compounds like amino acids glucose and other important nutrients

A

Reabsorption

160
Q

What is the role of the large intestine

A

One -absorption and reabsorption of fluids and electrolytes

  1. Microbial action

Limits growth of harmful

Synthesizes some nutrients

Produces gas after consuming and digested nutrients by human body example fiber and lactase

Probiotic and prebiotic food

Storage and illumination of solid waste

161
Q

What are the four main parts of the large intestine?

A

Cecum/Rectum/Colon/Anal canal

162
Q

Short saclike structures with attached appendage that has lymphatic tissue called appendix

A

Cecum

163
Q

Which sphincter regulates intermittent flow from material from ileum to cecum

A

Illecocecal sphincter

164
Q

Makes up most of the large intestine is shaped like an inverted you

How many parts and what are they called?

A

Colon

Four parts, ascending colon transverse colon and descending colon, sigmoid

165
Q

Terminates at anal canal that leads outside of the body

A

Rectum

166
Q

Thickening of smooth muscle around anal canal

A

Anal sphincter

167
Q

What are haustral contractions

A

Move undigested food through the colon

168
Q

Some water and electrolytes are absorbed for the first time in the ______ however most are being reabsorbed

A

Colon

169
Q

After the water is removed from the colon what is the remaining material called

A

Feces

170
Q

When water is not properly removed from the colon what is the result?

A

Diarrhea

171
Q

What can diarrhea resulting

A

Dehydration

172
Q

If the colon moves too slow and too much water is removed this is called

A

Constipation

173
Q

What is IBS

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

174
Q

What happens after nutrients are digested and absorbed?

A

They are transported to cells

175
Q

What happens to glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals minerals after they’re absorbed

A

Glucose is used as is or converted to glycogen or fat for storage

Fatty acids are incorporated into the cell membrane’s hormones are stored as fat/adipose

Amino acids are used to produce enzymes hormones body parts or converted to fat

Vitamins and minerals are used for body processes or in some cases store

176
Q

What is the natural microbial population?

A

Intestinal microbiota

177
Q

What is a3 of the driveway to feces accounted for by?

A

Bacteria

178
Q

What does bacteria in the large intestine do?

A

Produces vitamin K vitamin B and lipids, and protects us from infection

179
Q

What do pre-and pro probiotics do you

A

Regulate your gut

180
Q

Process where feces eliminated from the body

A

Egestion

181
Q

How does waste get removed from your body

A

Moves through the column into the rectum

Once there’s enough feces it causes the walls to expand signaling defecation

182
Q

What sphincter enables us to determine when the right time is to poop

A

External anal sphincter

183
Q

When the anal Sphincter is contracted out poop stays ______ but when it relaxes the feces move and the anal canal and are _______

A

In

Expelled

Nutrition (6 decks)

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