Chapter 1 - Chemical/Biological/Physiological Aspects Of nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
Body is made up of ______ that joint to make __________
A
Carbon/Hydrogen/Nitrigen and other elements
Proteins/Lipids/Carbs
2
Q
Explain from smallest to largest, what the body is made up of and what fuels this system.
A
Atoms -simple molecules - complex molecules - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems
Nutrients
3
Q
Smallest component of an element
A
Atoms
4
Q
2 atoms joined
A
Molecule
5
Q
Large molecules that are diverse in structure and function
A
Complex Molecules
6
Q
Structural and functional unit of living organisms that carry out specific functions in cells
A
Cells and organelles
7
Q
______ come together to form tissues that carry out specific functions
A
cells
8
Q
How many types of tissues are there
A
4
9
Q
Made of tissue
How many?
A
Organs
40
10
Q
Made up of organs
How many?
A
Organ systems
11
11
Q
What are sub particles and what are their charges and where located?
A
Electrons - negative - outside nucleus
Protons - positive - nucleus
Neutron - balanced - nucleus
12
Q
Association of two atoms with opposite charges where valence electrons are transferred to another atom
A
Ionic bonding
13
Q
Shared electron pair between atoms
Types
A
Covalent bonding
Single/double bond in
14
Q
What is hydrogen bonding
A
Positive charge of H can attract something with slightly negative chafe
15
Q
Ions
A
Charged atoms
16
Q
Cations v anions
A
Anion - negative charge
Cation - positive charge
17
Q
When molecules lose electrons they become _______
When molecules gain electrons, they become _______
A
Oxidized
Reduced
18
Q
Redox reactions.
A
When one or more electrons are transferred between molecules
Reduction AND oxidation is happening
19
Q
Pure substance made up of one atom
A
Element
20
Q
How many elements are naturally occurring and how many are essential for human health (what are they?)
A
92
20
O2, C, H, N, C, P
21
Q
Formed when chemical bonds join two or more atoms together
A
Molecule
22
Q
What are chemical bonds
A
Attractive force between atoms that are formed by the transfer of sharing electrons
23
Q
What are compounds? Examples?
A
Molecules composed of two or more different types of atoms
Examples are water and glucose
24
Q
Examples of complex molecules
A
Carbs/Protein/Lipids/Nucleic acid
25
Condensation v Hydrolysis
Condensation: Joins two molecules to form one larger molecule when enzyme removes hydroxy group from one molecule and H atom from another and speeds formation of molecules at exposed sites
Hydrolysis
- enzyme splits the molecule apart and adds hydroxyl group to one atom and H atom to another
26
what is the basis of the pH scale and what is the range?
Water
0-14
27
Basic v Neutral v Acid pH numbers and explain the relationship of H to OH in each
Basic - less than 7
-more OH
Neutral = 7
- equal OH and H
Acidic -greater than 7
- more H
28
What do buffers do?
Enable fluids to resist change in pH
29
What’s the difference between active and passive transport?
Passive transport doesn’t require ATP while active transport does.
30
What are the 3 types of Passive Transport and explain
Simple Diffusion - enables substances to cross membranes from region of higher concentration to lower concentration (moves down concentration gradient)
Facilitated Diffusion - dames as simple but requires a membrane bound transport protein that escorts material
Osmosis - movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
31
Substances that dissolve into ions when put in water
Electrolytes
32
Substances that are dissolved in fluids and when uniformly dispersed are called solutions
Solutes
33
Water moves from _____ solute concentration to ______ solute concentration until equilibrium is reached
Lower
Higher
34
Types of Active Transport
Carrier mediated active transport - requires energy and assistance of transport protein. Energy used to pump molecules across cell membranes against their concentration gradients
Vesicular Active Transport - part of the cell membrane that surrounds the substance, forming a vesicles. Vesicles moves across the membrane and substances are released inside (endocytosis) or outside (exocytosis)
35
Movement of nutrients and other substances across a cell membrane
Transport mechanisms
36
Organelles in Cell and Function
Mitochondria: convert chemical energy into energy yielding nutrients into ATP that is used by cells
Nucleus: houses genetic material DNA, which provides the blueprint for protein synthesis
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane: cells are surrounded by membrane that provides a protective barrier between inside and outside of cell
Golgi Apparatus: membrane sacs that process and package proteins
Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes that break down proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Removes and recycled waste products
SER : region of ER that is involved in lipid synthesis. Don’t have ribosomes and aren’t involved in protein synthesis
Cytoplasm/Cytosil: gel like substance inside cells that holds everything together. Has proteins/organelles/electrolytes/etc.
37
What are 4 types of tissues
1. Epithelium, Muscle, Specialized Connective, Not eural
38
Tissue that has one side exposed to the outside and function
Epithelium
Provides protective layer on body surfaces as well as lines internal organs, ducts, and cavities.
39
What are 3 types of muscle tissue and where are they located and function?
Skeletal - muscle attached to bone;Maintains posture and moves body.
Smooth muscle tissues - wall of stomach, lungs, and other soft tissues ; gut motility, blood flow, sphincter closure, internal tissue functions
Cardiac Muscles - heart; pump blood throughout cardiovascular system
40
Tissue that sometimes is called the glue that holds the body together and what are some examples
Connective
Blood, Cartilage, Bine, adipose
41
Tissue that makes up brain/spinal cord/nerves and function
Neural/Nervous
Play roles in communication in the body
42
Consist of two or more types of tissue, and functions together to perform a variety of tasks
Organs
43
What is an organ system?
Formed when several organs work together, each organ doing a specific job
44
What are all the organ systems?
```
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Respiratory
Circulatory
Digestive
Reproductive
Urinary
Immune
```
45
Integumentary.
What?function?
- skin/hair/nails/sweat glands
| - protects against pathogens and helps regulate body temp
46
Skeletal
What? Function?
- bones/cartilage/joints
- support and structure to body; bone marrow of some bones produces blood cells. Also provides storage site for certain minerals
47
Muscular?
What?
Function?
- Smooth/Cardiac/Skeletal
| - assists in voluntary and involuntary body movements
48
Nervous.
What?
Function?
Brain/Spinal Cord/Nerves/Sensory Receptors
- interpret and respond to info. Controls basic senses/movement/intellectual functions
49
Endocrine?
What?
Function?
Endocrine glands
-produces and releases hormones that control functions such as reproduction/hunger/blood glucose regulation/metbolism/stress response
50
Respiratory
What?
Function?
Lungs/nose/mouth/throat/trachea)
-governs gas exchange between blood and air. Assists in regulating blood acid-base pH
51
Circulatory
What?
Function?
Heart/blood vessels/blood/lymph vessels and nodes and organs
-transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones. Plays role in regulating body temp. Helps remove foreign substances and plays role in immunity
52
Digestive
What?
Function?
Mouth/esophagus/stomach/small intestine/large intestine/liver/gallbladder/pancreas/salivary glands
-governs physical and chemical breakdown of food into a form that can be absorbed into circulatory system. Eliminates solid waste
53
Reproductive
What?
Function?
- (gonads and genitals)
| - Carries out reproductive function and associated sexual characteristics, sexual function, and sexual behaviors
54
Urinary
What?
Function?
Kidney/bladder/uterus
-removes metabolic waste products from blood, governs nutrient reabsorption, acid base balance, and regulates water balance
55
Immune
What?
Function?
White blood cells/lymph vessels/bone marrow/lymphatic tissue
- provides defense against foreign bodies, such as bacteria and viruses, and unregulated cell growth
56
What are the two communication systems in our body and how do they communicate?
Nervous - receives and transmits information via electrical impulses flaked neurotransmitters
Endocrine - communists using hormones
57
How does the endocrine system use hormones to communicate?
Hormones released from glands or cells in response to stimuli and in result bind to receptors on specific tissues, and then tissue initiates appropriate response
58
Allows humans to adapt to ever changing environments
Homeostasis
59
What is a negative feedback system and give an example?
Plays vital role in homeostasis by opposing changes in internal environment and initiating corrective responses that restore balance
Blood glucose system: eat carb high meal —blood glucose rises, pancreas detects and imitates response, release of insulin.
Insulin binds to specific receptors on cell membranes which facilitates uptake of glucose. Blood glucose levels restored
60
Hollow tube from _____ to ____ composed the ____ tract
Mouth
Anus
GI
61
What organs are in the GI tract? Function?
Mouth - mastation
Esophagus - takes food from pharynx to stomach
Stomach -muscular contractions mix food with gastric juice, causing chemical and physical breakdown of food in chyme
Small IN - digestion/absorption
Large IN/colon - digestion/reabsorption
62
Accessory organs in GI Tract?
| Function?
Salivary glands - release mixture of water/mucus/enzymes
Liver - produces bile
Gallbladder: stores and releases bile
Pancreas: releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes chyme and contains enzymes needed for carb/protein/lipid metabolism
63
3 main functions of organs in GI tract? And definition?
Digestion - physical and chemical breakdown of food
Absorption - transfer of nutrients from GI travt into blood or lymph systems
Egestion - waste expelled from body
64
Tissues in GI tract?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
65
Mucosa? Function?
Innermost lining of GI tract that contains mainly epithelial tissues
Produces secretions like enzymes and hormones that facilitate breakdown of food in GI tract
66
Submucosa? Function?
Later of connective tissue
1. Contains rich blood vessels, delivering nutrients to inner mucosal layer and muscularis. Circulate most of the nutrients absorbed from SI away from GI tract
2. Lymphatic vessels filled with lymph aids in circulation of water insoluble substances such as dietary fat away from GI tract
3. Contains a network of nerves, that regulate the release of GI secretions from cells making up mucosal lining.
67
Muscularis?
Function?
Consists of two layers of smooth muscles, longitudinal and circular
Movement of the muscularis promotes mixing of good with dig. Secretions and keeps good moving along GI tract
68
Serosa?
Function?
Outer layer of connective tissue that encloses GI tract
Secretes fluid that lubricates digestive organs, preventing them from adhering to one another
69
Mouth to anus time?
24-72 hrs
70
What are some factors that can affect length of time from mouth to anus
```
Diet
Illness
Medications
Physical activities
Emotions
```
71
One way valves that regulate flow of luminal contents from one organ to the next
Sphincters
72
Types of sphincters in GI tract location and function?
Esophageal
- btwn stomach and esophagus
- protects stomach from acidity
Pyloric
- btwn stomach and SI
- controls good and entry into SI protecting SU from stomach acidity
Ileicecal
- between LI and SI
- protects SI from LI bacterial contents
Anal sphincter
- end of GIT
- controls excretion
73
Music g and propulsion of material by muscular contractions in the GI tract. Result in from contraction and relaxation of mucked that make up muscularis
GI motility
74
Mixes and propels food with digestive juices (circular)
Segmentation
75
Involves rigorous propulsive movements (longitudinal)
Peristalsis
76
Types of GI secretions?
```
Mucus
Saliva
Digestive enzymes
GI hormones
Bile
Pancreatic juice
Gastric juice
```
77
3 regulatory mechanisms of GI tract. What types are they and how many of each
2 neural and 1 hormonal
78
What are the two types of neural regulatory mechanisms in GI tract and function?
Enteric: (submucosa and muscualaris contains the GI Tracts own local nervous system.
-receives info from sensory receptors located within GI tract, and ENS responds by communicating with muscles and hormones producing cells in GI tract. Triggers muscle and glands to carry out correct response.
central nervous systems:
- neural network connecting ENS and CNS
- sensory and emotional stimuli can affect GI function (sight/smell/thought of food stimulate GI secretions) (sadness/anger/anxiety)
79
What are two receptors in ENS and function?
Chemoreceptors: detect changes in lumen content
Mechanoreceptors: detect stretching or distensiin in walks did GI tract
80
What is the function of the hormonal regulatory system in GI tract?
Where?
Mucosal lining of GI tract has endocrine cells that produce hormones
Act as chemical messengers and are released in blood in response to chemical and physical Changes in GI tract.
-alert organs to impending arrival of food and effect time and release of secretions that aid in digestion. I no
81
What are the major GI hormones?
Gastrin
Secretin
Chilecystokinin
Ghrelin
82
What are the 3 phases of digestion?
Cephalic/gastric/intestinal
Cephalic:
- starts with stimuli (thought/sight/smell of food)
- stimulates GI motility and release of secretions
Gastric
- arrival of food in stomach
- muscular contractions become more forceful
- release of secretions start
- when food reaches SI, it’s gone under a lot of change
Intestinal
-hormonal signals from SI slow the churning action of stomach, decreasing rate at which material passes out of stomach and into SI. When good enters SI, hormonal response alert accessory organs (pan and fall) and signal that intestinal phase of digestion is underway for
83
Forceful grinding of teeth breaks down good into manageable pieces
Mastication
84
Soft moist mass of food after chewing
Bolus
85
What does saliva contain?
Water/mucus/digestive enzymes/antibacterial agents
86
Explain the process of digestion from putting it into your mouth to lower esophageal sphincter?
(Right before stomach)
1. Taste and smell cells are stimulated telling the brain to distinguish flavors
2. Swallowing moves food from mouth to esophagus
3. Tongue directs bolus to pharynx (voluntary)
4. Once bolus reaches pharynx (involuntary), it’s ready to enter esophagus
5. Soft pallets blocks nasal cavity And pulls larynx upward causing epiglottis to cover trachea that goes to lungs
6. Esophagus is lubricated my mucus
7. Peristalsis propels food towards stomach and ES relaxes for bolus to go to stomach, and reaches the lowest esophageal sphincter
87
Shared space between oral and nasal cavities
Pharynx
88
Impaired swallowing is called
Dysphagia
89
What shape is the stomach and how many regions
J
3
90
What are regions of the stomach and where?
Fungus: too portion that goes above lower portion of esophagus
Body: main portion (most digestion happens here)
Antrum: closest to small intestine
91
Where is pyloric sphincter located at and what is it’s function?
Regulated good movement from stomach to duodenum (SI)
92
How many functions of stomach and what are they?
1. Temporary storage
2. Production of gastric secretions needed for digestion
3. Mixing food with gastric secretions
93
When food leaves stomach it’s called ___\_\
Chyme
94
What are the secretes that are important in protein digestion? And what do they do.
Pepsin and gastric acid
Break peptide bonds between amino acids
95
Lining of stomach that allows it to stretch
Rugae
96
What feature of the stomach allows temporary food storage?
Stretching
97
What tells the brain that we’re full?
Stretching that triggers mechanoreceptors
98
Holes in the stomach lining that penetrate mucosal layer
Gastric pits
99
What are gastric pits formed by?
And types
Cells that release secretions
Exocrine: releases hormones into blood
Endocrine: releases secretions into ducts that empty into cavity or gastric pit
100
What helps solid foods get liquefied?
Gastric juice
101
When food comes into stomach, ______ releases the hormone ____
Endocrine cells; gastrin
102
When gastrin is released in stomach it stimulates _______ cells to release _____,
_____ from ____
And
________ enzymes from _____ cells
Exocrine-HCL
INTRINSIC factor - parietal
Digestive - chief
103
Role of HCL in GI
Major part of dissolved food particles, destroys bacteria and balances pH
104
Gastric mucosal barrier?
Function?
Where?
Entrance of gastric pits there are secretory cells that release thin watery mucus
Prevents acidic GJ from damaging delicate stomach lining
105
Common diseases that are caused by GJ get in places they shouldn’t
Gastric ulcers/peptic ulcers/GERD
106
When food reaches stomach it is mixed with _____\ to form ________.
This stimulates ________ and ____ is pushed towards _______ ______
Gastric Juices / Chyme
Gastrin / chyme / pyloric sphincter
107
Gastric emptying
The time it takes for food to leave stomach and move to SI
108
Time of gastric emptying is influenced by ______, ________, _______
Volume, consistently, and composition of chyme
109
Do large or small meals leave stomach faster?
Large
110
Do solid or liquid foods take more time to liquefy
Solid
111
What are some things that affect the rate of gastric emptying
Small intestine processing time, solid food, large or small meals, nutrient composition
112
To prevent the SI by too much chyme, it releases _____ to slow down gastric emptying
CCK
113
How many parts does the SI have and what are the parts called?
3
Duodenum - Jenunum - ileum
114
Where does chyme first enter in SI?
Duodenum
115
Explain the process when chyme reaches SI?
1. Chyme (and secretions) enters duodenum
2. Gallbladder contracts, bile is forced into cystic duct, which ultimately joins the common bile duct and empties into duodenum
3. Pancreatic juice is released
4. SI had large surface area so it’s idea for digestion and nutrient absorption
5. Inner lining of SI (mucosa and submucosa) is arranged in circular folds (pelican circulares) that face inward, toward lumen of SI and are covered with villi
6.
116
Finger like projection inside of SI, responsible for absorption
Villi
117
Cover billing forming brush border and trap nutrients, as well as have enzymes for final digestion
Microvilli
118
Rapid cell turnover
Shedding every 2-5 days to withstand wear and tear and protect against cancer
119
Enterocytes
Hundreds of absorptive epithelial cells on villi
120
What can the inner lining of SI be compared to and what does each represent
Looped style bathroom rug folded like an accordion
Fold - plica
Tiny loop that covers rug represents villus
121
What is the surface of the enterocyre that faces intestinal lumen covered with?
Microvilli
122
The microvilli are often called the
Brush border
123
Villus contains __________
Lymph contains __________
Function?
Network of blood capillaries
Lymphatic vessels called lacteal
Circulate absorbed nutrients away from small intestine
124
Digestion on SI is regulated by _____ and _____
Hormones and enzymes
125
What hormones regulate digestion in SI?
How?
CCK and secretin
Coordinate release of secretions from accessory organs, relaxation of sphincters, and GI motility ; ensure nutrient digestion and absorption in SI are rapid and efficient
126
How does pancreatic juice protect SI
1. Pancreas plays important role in protecting SI from chyme thats acidic
2. Arrival of chyme releases secretin which signals pancreas to release juice
127
What is needed for fat digestion and where is it made?
Bile
Liver
128
What does bike contain?
Cholesterol, bile acids, bilirubin
129
Are fats soluble in water of SI?
No
130
What happens when fat is noticed in SI?
What is it called?
Signals release of CCK, that causes gallbladder to contract and empty into duodenum, then bile acids and cholesterol in bile act like detergents, and disperse large globules of fat into smaller droplets that are easier for enzymes to digest.
Bile is then sucked back into ileum and goes back to liver through hepatic portal vein.
Enteropheapric circulation
131
After digestion is done in SI, body moves on to
Nutrient absorption
132
Transfer of nutrients from GI tract to circulatory system
Nutrient absorption
133
Nutrient absorption happens by way of ____
Simple diffusion, carrier mediated active transport, and endixytosis.
134
How are nutrients absorbed?
- Once absorbed they enter blood stream.
- to enter blood or lymph system, nutrients have to cross Vado lateral membrane (membrane of enterocyte that faces away from lumen towards submucosa)
135
Bio- availability?
Extent to which a nutrient or other food component is absorbed
136
What can bioavailability be influenced by?
Physiological condition, diet, medication.
137
After nutrient absorption happens, what is the next step?
Transport nutrients through the body by way of circulatory system
138
What system is responsible to move nutrients throughout the body?
Circulatory
139
Where do nutrients absorbed by the small intestine go?
Liver
140
Explain how water soluble and fat soluble nutrients move through the body after they’re in the SI
Water soluble nutrients enter the bloodstream through capillaries in the Vilas then go to liver
That’s all you will nutrients go straight to the liver
141
What body part gets first access to nutrients?
Liver
142
After the liver has access to the nutrients what happens?
They either get stored, Undergo metabolic changes, or get released into systemic circulation which delivers nutrients to other parts of the body
143
What is the determining factor in how nutrients oxygen and other substances Move through the body
Fat or water soluble
144
What is the circulation called delivers blood to body organs
Systemic
145
Systemic circulation deliveries blood to where?
All organs except for the lungs
146
What are the two things that transport blood?
Arteries and veins
147
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart
148
Where does blood from arteries go to
Arteries and foot away from the heart and form bed capillaries that have thin walls
149
Capillary networks mark what?
The end of arterial blood flow to the cell and beginning of venous blood flow away from the cell back to heart
150
What are some differences between arterial and Venous?
1. Oxygen rich blood flows toward capillaries but oxygen poor blood moves away from them
2. Arteries leading to capillaries become bigger but veins moving away from capillaries become larger
3. Arterial circulation flows away from the heart when his blood flows towards the heart
4. Arterial blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells when is blood carries metabolic waste products away from the cells
151
What moves blood between lungs and the heart?
Pulmonary system
152
Describe her blood flows from heart and lung
Deoxygenated venous blood comes to heart
2. Pulmonary arteries transport blood from right side of heart to lungs
3. CO2 and O2 exchange across the lawn capillaries
4. CO2 is released upon exhaling and O2 is inhaled when we in here inhale and 02 goes to blood
5. How to rich blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins and is pumped from the heart through the aorta to the rest of the body
153
What system plays an important role in circulating fat-soluble nutrients away from the G.I. tract and delivering to the cardiovascular system?
Lymphatic system
154
Each villus contains a ________ that connects to a network of __________ vessels that circulate a clear liquid called ________
Lacteal
Lymphatic
Lymph
155
That’s all you got nutrients initially bypass the _____and enter into the ______
Liver
Bloodstream
156
What organ is responsible for getting rid of waste and via what?
Kidney
Urine
157
Remove substances from blood as it flows through nephrons
Kidney filtration
158
What is hemodialysis and how does it work?
It’s a process that uses a machine to filter waste products from the blood and restore proper fluid balance, needs to be used at the kidney function is impaired
159
Substances that are reabsorbed I return to the blood enabling the body to reclaim compounds like amino acids glucose and other important nutrients
Reabsorption
160
What is the role of the large intestine
One -absorption and reabsorption of fluids and electrolytes
2. Microbial action
Limits growth of harmful
Synthesizes some nutrients
Produces gas after consuming and digested nutrients by human body example fiber and lactase
Probiotic and prebiotic food
Storage and illumination of solid waste
161
What are the four main parts of the large intestine?
Cecum/Rectum/Colon/Anal canal
162
Short saclike structures with attached appendage that has lymphatic tissue called appendix
Cecum
163
Which sphincter regulates intermittent flow from material from ileum to cecum
Illecocecal sphincter
164
Makes up most of the large intestine is shaped like an inverted you
How many parts and what are they called?
Colon
Four parts, ascending colon transverse colon and descending colon, sigmoid
165
Terminates at anal canal that leads outside of the body
Rectum
166
Thickening of smooth muscle around anal canal
Anal sphincter
167
What are haustral contractions
Move undigested food through the colon
168
Some water and electrolytes are absorbed for the first time in the ______ however most are being reabsorbed
Colon
169
After the water is removed from the colon what is the remaining material called
Feces
170
When water is not properly removed from the colon what is the result?
Diarrhea
171
What can diarrhea resulting
Dehydration
172
If the colon moves too slow and too much water is removed this is called
Constipation
173
What is IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
174
What happens after nutrients are digested and absorbed?
They are transported to cells
175
What happens to glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals minerals after they’re absorbed
Glucose is used as is or converted to glycogen or fat for storage
Fatty acids are incorporated into the cell membrane’s hormones are stored as fat/adipose
Amino acids are used to produce enzymes hormones body parts or converted to fat
Vitamins and minerals are used for body processes or in some cases store
176
What is the natural microbial population?
Intestinal microbiota
177
What is a3 of the driveway to feces accounted for by?
Bacteria
178
What does bacteria in the large intestine do?
Produces vitamin K vitamin B and lipids, and protects us from infection
179
What do pre-and pro probiotics do you
Regulate your gut
180
Process where feces eliminated from the body
Egestion
181
How does waste get removed from your body
Moves through the column into the rectum
Once there’s enough feces it causes the walls to expand signaling defecation
182
What sphincter enables us to determine when the right time is to poop
External anal sphincter
183
When the anal Sphincter is contracted out poop stays ______ but when it relaxes the feces move and the anal canal and are _______
In
Expelled
