Chapter 1 Cells, Reproduction and Heredity Flashcards
paramecium
A paramecium is a single-celled organism that reproduces by making an exact copy of itself and then dividing.
asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is reproduction in which offspring gets all of its traits or characteristics from one parent organism
sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is reproduction in which an egg cell and a sperm cell unite.
fertilization
Fertilization is the process in which an egg cell and a sperm cell unite to form a single cell. That cell divides and an embryo is formed.
mitosis
Mitosis is the process by which body cells make more cells. Each cell in an organism forms TWO new cells that are identical to the original cell and have the SAME number of chromosomes.
meiosis
Meiosis process by which reproductive cells are produced. After 2 cell divisions, FOUR cells with HALF the number of chromosomes are produced.
duplicate
To duplicate means to copy
genetic variations
Genetic difference between a parent organism and its offspring.
stigma
The stigma is the female organ of the plant. The stigma is usually higher than the anther so that pollen will not be transferred to a plant’s own stigma.
anther
The anther is the male organ of the plant.
self-pollinated
Pollinated when the pollen falls on its own stigma and fertilizes it. The anther is usually above the stigma.
cross-pollinated
Pollinated when pollen from one plant pollinates another.
genetics
Genetics is the science of heredity.
dominant
Traits or characteristics that are expressed or seen.
Mendel reasoned that some factors are stronger.
recessive
Traits or characteristics that are weaker or hidden.
chromosome
A chromosome is a long threadlike strand (package) of protein and DNA. They contain the genetic information to control the cell’s activities.
gene
A gene is a segment of DNA that carries information for a specific characteristic.
DNA
DNA is a chemical that provides detailed instructions for cells.
C6H12O6
C6H12O6 is glucose (the simple sugar) produced by plants during photosynthesis.
cell wall
The cell wall is the outer layer of a cell that protects and shapes a plant cell.
chloroplast
A chloroplast is the organelle of a plant in which glucose (the simple sugar) is produced.
cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the clear, jelly-like substance that holds the organelles in place in the cell.
mitochondria
The mitochondria is bean-shaped organelle in which food and oxygen combine to release energy, carbon dioxide and water. This process is called respiration.
vacuoles
Vacuoles are the organelles that store nutrients, wastes and water in cells.
nucleus
The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
