Chapter 1- Cells

Question 1

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 1

Eukayotic and prokaryotic cells

Question 2

What are prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cells lack organelles or other membrane bound organelles. The DNA of these cells is not in the nucleus because they don’t have one, but it’s in the centre

Question 3

What is the name of the DNA of prokaryotes

Answer 3

The DNA is called plasmid. The plasmid is circular and small

Question 4

What is the name of the region where the DNA is found

Answer 4

The region is called the nucleoid region

Question 5

What is the name of the region where the DNA is found

Answer 5

The region is called the nucleoid region

Question 6

What are eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

Eukaryotic cells are those with a complex structure with organelles that are membrane bound and have a cytoskeleton. They have a defined membrane enclosed nucleus.

Question 7

What is the main function of eukaryotic cells

Answer 7

Eukaryotic cells carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

Question 8

Give 3 examples of living organisms that are eukaryotic

Answer 8

Plants
Protista
Animals

Question 9

What are the three main regions of the eukaryotic cell

Answer 9

The 3 parts are
The nucleus
The cytoplasm
The plasma membrane

Question 10

Name at least 3 structures that are found in plant cells but not animal cells

Answer 10

Cell wall
Plastids
Chloroplasts

Question 11

What is the function of the plastids

Answer 11

They help with storage and synthesis of fatty acids

Question 12

What is the purpose of the vacuoles within the cell

Answer 12

Vacuoles play a major role in autophagy which is the balance between the production and degradation of substances and cell structures in organisms.
They also maintain cell acidity and turgor pressure

Question 13

What is the function if cilia

Answer 13

Cilia helps with moving substances mostly fluid substances

Question 14

What’s the role of centrioles

Answer 14

They help in cell division through the production of spindle fibers

Question 15

Does spindle fiber formation happen in plant cells

Answer 15

No, spindle fiber formation of plant cell happens outside the nuclear envelope so centrioles are not found within the cells

Question 16

Where in the chloroplast does photosynthesis take place

Answer 16

Photosynthesis occurs in the mesophyll of the chloroplasts

Question 17

The fluid content of the nucleus is called ___

Answer 17

Nucleoplasm

Question 18

What does the fuid content of the nucleus contain

Answer 18

Nucleoplasm consists of
Ions
RNA and DNA nucleotides 
Proteins
Small amounts of RNA and DNA

Question 19

What does the fuid content of the nucleus contain

Answer 19

Nucleoplasm consists of
Ions
RNA and DNA nucleotides 
Proteins
Small amounts of RNA and DNA

Question 20

What’s the function of the nucleolus

Answer 20

This is where rRna transcription and processing happens as well as,
Ribosome assembly takes place

Question 21

What’s chromatin and what’s the function

Answer 21

Chromatin is the uncoiled chromosome and
Chromatin is the material that condenses to form chromosomes
It prevents DNA damage and packages it into a smaller volume to fit in the cell

Question 22

What happens during the s phase

Answer 22

The sister chromatids are formed/copies of the DNA are for made

Question 23

These proteins compact the DNA

Answer 23

Histones

Question 24

What’s the difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 24

RNA have a ribosomal sugar while DNA have deoxyribosomal sugar
RNA have a uracil base while DNA have a rhyming base

Question 25

What’s the function of the ribosomes

Answer 25

They carry out protein synthesis

Question 26

Is the ribosome a membranous or non membranous organelle

Answer 26

Non membranous

Question 27

What are the 2 types of ribosome

Answer 27

Free and fixed

Question 28

What’s the ER

Answer 28

A network of membranous channels extending through the cytoplasm
It’s attached to the nucleus by its membranes

Question 29

What are the functions of the smooth and rough ER

Answer 29

Smooth ER synthesis lipids, steroids and carbohydrates

Rough ER aids in packaging newly synthesizing proteins

Question 30

What are the 3 major functions of the golgi apparatus

Answer 30

1. Separation of proteins
2. Post translational modification by adding sugar to make glycoproteins
3. Packages material into vesicles

Question 31

Which are the 4 organelles involved in protein synthesis and how do they partake

Answer 31

Nucleus regulate the protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus store and reassemble protein
Ribosome synthesise protein
Rough ER packages synthesised protein

Question 32

Describe protein synthesis

Answer 32

This process happens in the nucleolus.
And DNA is required for this.
The DNA uncoils and splits into 2 and RNA polymerase attaches to complimentary bases and then transcribes the DNA strand into mRNA. The mRNA than leaves the nucleus and the first stage,transcription had taken place.
After that translation occurs whereby the mRNA in the cytoplasm and ribosome bind together. Then transferRNA will bring amino acids that will attach to complimentary bases until forming a long chain and a complex protein structure

Question 33

____ is the part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles

Answer 33

Cytosol

Question 34

Give the name and equation of the process that forms pyruvate acid

Answer 34

Glycolysis

C6H12O6 + ENZYMES + 2NAD ➡️ 2( C3H503) + 2NADH

Question 35

Give the equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 35

2(C3H503) + 6O2 + ENZYMES ➡️ 6CO2 + 6H20 + 38ATP

Question 36

Which cells don’t have mitochondria

Answer 36

Rbcells