Chapter 1 - Cells

Question 1

What does the centrosome do?

Answer 1

It generates microtubules.

Question 2

What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cells: no proper nucleus, only a nucleoid.

Eukaryotic cells: more complex, have membrane bound organelles and their nucleus has a double membrane.

Question 3

What is the difference between heterotrophic and autotrophic?

Answer 3

Heterotrophic: takes in food.

Autotrophic: makes own food. (ex. Plants)

Question 4

What are the components of a phospholipid bilayer and where is it found?

Answer 4

The phospholipid bilayer is what makes up the plasma membrane, it is made of phosphate (PO₄)^-3 on the outside, and fatty acids on the inside.

Question 5

Why are cells so small?

Answer 5

To maximize surface area to volume ratio. A greater surface area allows for more outside communication.

Question 6

What is the model for the plasma membrane called?

Answer 6

The fluid mosaic model.

Question 7

What is the cell wall of the bacteria made of?

Answer 7

Peptidoglycan.

Question 8

What is the cell wall of the fungus made of?

Answer 8

Chitin.

Question 9

How can a cell increase its size? (3 Ways)

Answer 9

1. Do nothing.
2. Have another cell feed and look after it.
3. By becoming compartmentalized.

Question 10

What are the 3 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya, and what is the other type? (Pay attention to capitalization)

Answer 10

Kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi.
Other: protists.

Question 11

What is the main difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?

Answer 11

Archaebacteria does not have peptidoglycan in its cell wall.

Question 12

What are protists? Name 2.

Answer 12

Protists are eukaryotic cells that do not fit within the 3 kingdoms. They are all very different from each other and often unicellular. Paramecium and Amoeba are two.

Question 13

What are the roles of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulums?

Answer 13

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: To synthesize of protein with the ribosomes, fold up the proteins, and ships them to the Golgi.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: To detoxify harmful byproducts and synthesize steroid hormones such as testosterone and lipids.

Question 14

What are the functions of the lysosome and peroxisome?

Answer 14

Lysosome: Breaks down bacteria, food and unwanted organelles with digestive enzymes.

Peroxisome: Neutralizes free radicals.

Question 15

How do the Nucleolus and Ribosomes work together?

Answer 15

The nucleolus makes the ribosomes, which read the RNA and synthesize proteins.

Question 16

How are the openings between plant cells called?

Answer 16

Plasmodesmata.

Question 17

How is the Plasmodesmata similar to the nuclear pores?

Answer 17

Both the Plasmodesmata and the nuclear pores allow for communication.

For the nuclear pores, this communication is between the nucleus and the rest of the cell, for the plasmodesmata, it allows for intercellular communication.

Question 18

How does the mitochondria power the cell?

Answer 18

The mitochondria breaks down food particles and convert their energy into the form of ATP.

Question 19

What is the function of microtubules.

Answer 19

The microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton, they help maintain the shape of the cell by resisting compression, and help the cell move.

Microtubules are also present in cilia and flagella in a 9+2 arrangement.

Question 20

Which animal cell has a flagellum?

Answer 20

The sperm cell.

Question 21

What are microvilli and what is their function?

What is the difference between them and cilia?

Answer 21

Microvilli are drawn as squiggly lines in the plasma membrane which increase the surface area to volume ratio of the cell to increase absorption.

Cilia resemble microvilli, but are motile, they move the cell through liquid and move liquid across the surface of the cell.

Cilia are made of microtubules while microvilli are not.

Question 22

Name the different parts of the cytoskeleton in increasing order of size and what they are made of.

Answer 22

1. Microfilaments: made of actin protein.
2. Intermediate filaments: made of various proteins.
3. Microtubules: made of tubulin protein.

Question 23

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 23

The cytoskeleton maintains the shape of the cell, and is responsible for moving organelles and cytoplasm around the cell. It also helps the cell move and assists cell division.

Microfilaments and intermediate filaments resist tension.
Microtubules resist compression.

Question 24

What is the inside of the mitochondria made of?

Answer 24

The mitochondria has an eukaryotic outer membrane, but a prokaryotic inner membrane called cristae. The space inside the prokaryotic membrane is the matrix.

Question 25

What is the name of the pressure exerted by the central vacuole in the plant cell and what does it do?

Answer 25

Turgor pressure. It keeps the plants upright.

Question 26

What is the inside of the chloroplast made of?

Answer 26

The chloroplast is made of an eukaryotic outer membrane. Just like the mitochondria, its inner membrane is prokaryotic. The inside is called the stroma and contains thylakoids.

Question 27

What is the mycelium?

Answer 27

The mycelium is a system of intricate roots for the fungi. They stem from within the fungi itself and go underground.

Question 28

Describe/draw a string of Fungi cells.

Answer 28

A string of Fungi cells is called a Hypha. These strings of cells are separated from the outside by the cell wall, but inside, they are not completely separated.