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Cell and Molecular Biology > Chapter 1: Cell the Fundamental Units of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Cell the Fundamental Units of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells vary enormously in _______ and _______.

A

Appearance and Function

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2
Q

Living Cells All Have a Similar ________.

A

Basic Chemistry

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3
Q

(True or False) Cells resemble one another to an astonishing degree in the details of their chemistry.

A

True

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4
Q

(true or false) In all organisms, genetic information—in the form of genes—is carried in DNA molecules.

A

true

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5
Q

Long polymer chains of DNA
are made from the same set of four monomers, called _________.

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

The information encoded in these DNA molecules is read out, or transcribed, into a related set of polynucleotides called _____.

A

RNA

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7
Q

The flow of information—from DNA to RNA to protein—is called ______.

A

central dogma

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8
Q

Proteins are built from _______.

A

amino acids

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9
Q

Living Cells Are ______ Collections of Catalysts

A

Self-Replicating

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10
Q

(true or false) All living organisms are constructed from cells.

A

True

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11
Q

(true or false) Life is an autocatalytic
process.

A

true

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12
Q

The process by which living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment in more and more sophisticated ways.

A

evolution

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13
Q

The entire sequence of nucleotides in an organism’s DNA.

A

Genome

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14
Q

(true or false) Different cells express different genes.

A

True

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15
Q

He examined a piece of cork and in 1665 reported to the Royal Society of London that the cork was composed of a mass of minute chambers.

A

Robert Hooke

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16
Q

Who documented the results of a systematic investigation of plant and animal tissues with the light microscope, showing that cells were the universal building blocks of all living tissues?

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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16
Q

All living cells are formed by the growth and division of existing cells—a principle
sometimes referred to as the ______.

A

cell theory

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17
Q

A dense material often made of protein fibers embedded in a gel of long sugar chains.

A

an extracellular matrix

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18
Q

Each cell is typically about _______ in diameter.

A

5–20 μm

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19
Q

(true or false) All of the internal
structures of a cell can be seen with a
light microscope.

A

False - some

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20
Q

Microscopes that use sophisticated methods of illumination and electronic image processing to see fluorescently labeled cell components in much finer detail.

A

fluorescence microscopes

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21
Q

The most recent super-resolution fluorescence microscopes, for example, can
push the limits of resolution down even further, to about ______ (nm).

A

20 nanometers

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22
Q

Microscopes that can reveal details down to a few nanometers. It has the highest magnification and best resolution.

A

electron microscope

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23
Q

The type of electron microscope used to look at thin sections of tissue is known as

A

transmission electron microscope

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24
Q

This instrument transmits a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light through the sample.

A

transmission electron microscope.

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25
Q

Another type of electron microscope that scatters electrons off the surface of the sample and so is used to look at the surface detail of cells and other structures.

A

Scanning electron microscope

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26
Q

Organisms whose cells have a nucleus are called ______.

A

eukaryotes

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27
Q

Eukaryote - “eu” means _____ and “karyon” means _____.

A

eu - well or truly
karyon - kernel or nucleus

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28
Q

Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus are called ______.

A

prokaryotes

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29
Q

prokaryotes - “pro” means ____.

A

before

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30
Q

are typically spherical, rodlike, or corkscrew-shaped.

A

Prokaryotes

31
Q

The bacterium ______ has served as an important model organism.

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

32
Q

(true or false) Some bacteria are photosynthetic.

A

true

33
Q

The World of Prokaryotes Is Divided into Two Domains:

A

Bacteria and Archaea

34
Q

(true or false) Yeasts are simple, free-
living eukaryotes.

A

True

35
Q

usually the most prominent organelle in a eukaryotic cell

A

nucleus

36
Q

are present in essentially all eukaryotic cells, and they are among the most conspicuous organelles in the cytoplasm

A

mitochondria

37
Q

What kind of relationship is evident in which the host eukaryote and the engulfed bacterium helped each other to survive and reproduce?

A

symbiotic relationship

38
Q

are large, green organelles that are found in the cells of plants and algae, but not in the cells of animals or fungi.

A

Chloroplasts

39
Q

(true or false)

A

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from engulfed bacteria.

40
Q

an irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a membrane

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

41
Q

It is the site where most cell-membrane components, as well as materials destined for export from the cell, are made.

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

42
Q

Stacks of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs constitute the ______.

A

Golgi apparatus

43
Q

are small, irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from ingested food particles into the cytosol and break down unwanted molecules for either recycling within the cell or excretion from the cell.

A

lysosomes

44
Q

are small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that provide a sequestered environment for a variety of reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is used to inactivate toxic molecules.

A

peroxisomes

45
Q

Animal cells can engulf very large particles, or even entire foreign cells, by ______.

A

endocytosis

46
Q

In the reverse process, called _______, vesicles from inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the external medium.

A

exocytosis

47
Q

the part of the cytoplasm that is not contained within intracellular membranes.

A

cytosol

48
Q

(true or false) Eukaryotic cells engage in
continual endocytosis and exocytosis
across their plasma membrane.

A

true

49
Q

(true or false) The cytosol is uncrowded.

A

false - extremely crowded

50
Q

(true or false) In a multicellular organism, there is no division of labor among cells.

A

false - there is division

51
Q

(true or false) Only living cells can self replicate.

A

true

52
Q

(true or false) Viruses have the ability to reproduce by their own efforts.

A

false - do not have the ability

53
Q

All living things have apparently evolved from the same ______.

A

ancestral cell

54
Q

______ are mistakes in the DNA that change the genetic plan from that of the previous generation.

A

Mutations

55
Q

It is estimated that cells existed between ______.

A

3.5 — 3.8 billion years ago.

56
Q

(mm) visible with unaided eye.

A

0.2 mm

57
Q

light microscope

A

200 nm

58
Q

super-resolution fluorescence microscope

A

20 nm

59
Q

electron microscope

A

0.2 nm

60
Q

A specialized type of fluorescence microscope that builds up an image by scanning the specimen with a laser beam.

A

confocal fluorescence microscope

61
Q

generators of chemical energy for the cell.

A

mitochondria

62
Q

the basic chemical fuel that powers most of the cell’s activities.

A

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

63
Q

process of consuming oxygen and releasing CO2.

A

cell respiration

64
Q

ferry materials berween one membrane-closed organelle and another.

A

transport vesicles

65
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of three major filament types:

A

actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

66
Q

eukaryotic cells are typically ___ times the length and ____ times the volume of prokaryotic cells.

A

10 x length
1000 x volume

67
Q

a class of free-living, motile, unicellular organisms

A

protozoans

68
Q

the acquisition of mitochondria by the engulfment of ______.

A

aerobic bacteria

69
Q

the acquisition of chloroplasts by the engulfment of _____.

A

photosynthetic bacteria

70
Q

(functions) carry out the final oxidation of food molecules and produce ATP.

A

mitochondria

71
Q

(function) synthesize complex molecules for export from the cell and for insertion in cell membranes

A

endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

72
Q

(function) digest large molecules

A

lysosomes

73
Q

a highly concentrated mixture of large and small molecules that carry out many essential biochemical processes

A

cytosol

74
Q

composed of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and are responsible for cell shape and movement and for the transport of organelles and large molecular complexes drom one intracellular location to another.

A

cytoskeleton

75
Q

model organisms:

A

Escherichia Coli (bacterium)
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (brewer’s yeast)
Arabidopsis (plant)
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
Caenorhabditis (nematode)
Fish
Mouse
Human

76
Q

The human genome has about _____ coding genes.

A

19,000

Cell and Molecular Biology (6 decks)

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