chapter 1: cell biology

Question 1

solutes are

Answer 1

dissolved substances

Question 2

solutes include ____ and _____

Answer 2

electrolytes and nonelectrolytes

Question 3

electrolytes can be ____ or ____

Answer 3

cations (+) or anions (-)

Question 4

electrolytes are measured in ____ or ____

Answer 4

milliequivalent per liter (mEq/L) or milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)

Question 5

nonelectrolytes include ____, _____, _____

Answer 5

glucose, urea, and creatinine

Question 6

nonelectrolytes do not _____ when placed in solution

Answer 6

dissociate

Question 7

passive transport occurs when ___ and ___ move through pores

Answer 7

water and small electrically charged molecules move through pores

Question 8

passive transport does not require

Answer 8

energy

Question 9

list the four types of passive transport

Answer 9

1. diffusion (concentration gradient)
2. passive mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
3. filtration (hydrostatic pressure)
4. osmosis

Question 10

diffusion occurs when a solute is moved from _____ to ____

Answer 10

an area of greater concentration to an ares of lesser concentration

Question 11

passive mediated transport occurs when a ______ moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without _____

Answer 11

a protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without expanding metabolic energy

Question 12

filtration occurs when water and solutes move through a membrane because of…

Answer 12

a greater pressure on one side of the membrane than on the other side

Question 13

osmosis occurs when water moves ____ a _____

Answer 13

down a concentration gradient

Question 14

osmotic pressure is the amount of _____ required to oppose the ______

Answer 14

hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water

Question 15

_____ or ______ is the overall osmotic effects of colloids, such as plasma proteins

Answer 15

oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure

Question 16

tonicity is the…

Answer 16

effective osmolality of a solution

Question 17

osmolarity is the measure of the number of _____ or the concentration of ______

Answer 17

the measure of milliosmoles per liter of solution or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution

Question 18

osmolality is the measure of the number or ______ or the concentration of _____

Answer 18

the measure of the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water or the concentration of molecules per weight of water

Question 19

isotonic means the same ______ or ______ as the intracellular fluid (ICF) or extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 19

same osmolality or concentration of particles (285 mOsm/kg) as the intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid

Question 20

hypertonic is a concentration of more than ___ to ____

Answer 20

more than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg

Question 21

hypotonic is a _____ concentration, more ____ than body fluids

Answer 21

lower concentration, more dilute than body fluids

Question 22

mediated transport can be ____ or ____

Answer 22

passive or active

Question 23

active transport is when _____ and _____ are moved into the cell

Answer 23

larger molecules and molecular complexes (i.e. ligand-receptor complexes) are moved into the cell

Question 24

active transport requires

Answer 24

expenditure of energy

Question 25

active transport moves molecules across a

Answer 25

concentration gradient

Question 26

active transport is mediated by

Answer 26

proteins

Question 27

example of active transport pump

Answer 27

ion channels with carrier (potassium-sodium pump)

Question 28

endocytosis is ____ transport by vesicle formation

Answer 28

active

Question 29

list two types of endocytosis

Answer 29

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Question 30

endocytosis means ____

Answer 30

taking in

Question 31

______ is an internalized process during which a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell and invaginate and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves inside the cell

Answer 31

endocytosis

Question 32

pinocytosis is when ____ of ECF and its contents occur

Answer 32

cell ingestion

Question 33

phagocytosis is when large molecular substances/microbes are ____ by the plasma membrane and enter the cell so these substances can be ____ and ____ by ____ enzymes

Answer 33

large molecular substances/microbes are engulfed by the plasma membrane and enter the cell so these substances can be isolated and destroyed by lysosomal enzymes

Question 34

exocytosis is also a form of ____ which is ____

Answer 34

active transport which is expelling

Question 35

____ is the difference in voltage across the plasma membrane

Answer 35

resting membrane potential

Question 36

all body cells are _____

Answer 36

electrically polarized

Question 37

the inside of the cell is more ____ charged than the outside

Answer 37

the inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside

Question 38

5 steps in action potential

Answer 38

1. depolarization 2. threshold potential 3. repolarization 4. refractory period (absolute and relative) 5. hypopolarization and hyperpolarization

Question 39

a completed cycle of cell reproduction takes approximately ___-____

Answer 39

12-24 hours

Question 40

different rates occur in the ____ of cell reproduction

Answer 40

phases

Question 41

cell growth factors are AKA

Answer 41

cytokines

Question 42

______ stimulates connective tissue growth

Answer 42

platelet-derived growth factor

Question 43

4 tissue types

Answer 43

1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscle 4. neural

Question 44

____ tissue covers most internal and external body surfaces

Answer 44

epithelial tissue

Question 45

``` epithelial tissue can be: 1. ___ vs ____ 2. 3. 4. 5. ```

Answer 45

1. simple or stratified 2. squamous 3. cuboidal 4. columnar 5. pseudo stratified

Question 46

structures on epithelial tissue include ___ and ____

Answer 46

cilia and microvilli

Question 47

4 functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 47

protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion

Question 48

5 types of connective tissue

Answer 48

cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, organs

Question 49

4 functions of CT

Answer 49

1. framework for forming organs 2. binding 3. supporting 4. storing excess nutrients

Question 50

2 basic components of CT (loose or dense)

Answer 50

1. ground substance | 2. fibers

Question 51

muscle tissue is mostly composed of

Answer 51

myocytes

Question 52

3 examples of muscle tissue

Answer 52

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 53

contractile tissue of muscle tissue enables ___ and ____ movement

Answer 53

involuntary and voluntary movement

Question 54

5 structures in neural tissue

Answer 54

1. neurons 2. synapses 3. cell body 4. axons 5. dendrites

Question 55

function of neural tissue is to...

Answer 55

receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly across junctions called synapses (neurotransmitters)