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N230A Pathophysiology > chapter 1: cell biology > Flashcards

chapter 1: cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

solutes are

A

dissolved substances

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2
Q

solutes include ____ and _____

A

electrolytes and nonelectrolytes

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3
Q

electrolytes can be ____ or ____

A

cations (+) or anions (-)

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4
Q

electrolytes are measured in ____ or ____

A

milliequivalent per liter (mEq/L) or milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)

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5
Q

nonelectrolytes include ____, _____, _____

A

glucose, urea, and creatinine

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6
Q

nonelectrolytes do not _____ when placed in solution

A

dissociate

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7
Q

passive transport occurs when ___ and ___ move through pores

A

water and small electrically charged molecules move through pores

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8
Q

passive transport does not require

A

energy

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9
Q

list the four types of passive transport

A
  1. diffusion (concentration gradient)
  2. passive mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
  3. filtration (hydrostatic pressure)
  4. osmosis
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10
Q

diffusion occurs when a solute is moved from _____ to ____

A

an area of greater concentration to an ares of lesser concentration

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11
Q

passive mediated transport occurs when a ______ moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without _____

A

a protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without expanding metabolic energy

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12
Q

filtration occurs when water and solutes move through a membrane because of…

A

a greater pressure on one side of the membrane than on the other side

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13
Q

osmosis occurs when water moves ____ a _____

A

down a concentration gradient

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14
Q

osmotic pressure is the amount of _____ required to oppose the ______

A

hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water

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15
Q

_____ or ______ is the overall osmotic effects of colloids, such as plasma proteins

A

oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure

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16
Q

tonicity is the…

A

effective osmolality of a solution

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17
Q

osmolarity is the measure of the number of _____ or the concentration of ______

A

the measure of milliosmoles per liter of solution or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution

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18
Q

osmolality is the measure of the number or ______ or the concentration of _____

A

the measure of the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water or the concentration of molecules per weight of water

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19
Q

isotonic means the same ______ or ______ as the intracellular fluid (ICF) or extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

same osmolality or concentration of particles (285 mOsm/kg) as the intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid

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20
Q

hypertonic is a concentration of more than ___ to ____

A

more than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg

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21
Q

hypotonic is a _____ concentration, more ____ than body fluids

A

lower concentration, more dilute than body fluids

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22
Q

mediated transport can be ____ or ____

A

passive or active

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23
Q

active transport is when _____ and _____ are moved into the cell

A

larger molecules and molecular complexes (i.e. ligand-receptor complexes) are moved into the cell

24
Q

active transport requires

A

expenditure of energy

25
Q

active transport moves molecules across a

A

concentration gradient

26
Q

active transport is mediated by

A

proteins

27
Q

example of active transport pump

A

ion channels with carrier (potassium-sodium pump)

28
Q

endocytosis is ____ transport by vesicle formation

A

active

29
Q

list two types of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

30
Q

endocytosis means ____

A

taking in

31
Q

______ is an internalized process during which a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell and invaginate and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves inside the cell

A

endocytosis

32
Q

pinocytosis is when ____ of ECF and its contents occur

A

cell ingestion

33
Q

phagocytosis is when large molecular substances/microbes are ____ by the plasma membrane and enter the cell so these substances can be ____ and ____ by ____ enzymes

A

large molecular substances/microbes are engulfed by the plasma membrane and enter the cell so these substances can be isolated and destroyed by lysosomal enzymes

34
Q

exocytosis is also a form of ____ which is ____

A

active transport which is expelling

35
Q

____ is the difference in voltage across the plasma membrane

A

resting membrane potential

36
Q

all body cells are _____

A

electrically polarized

37
Q

the inside of the cell is more ____ charged than the outside

A

the inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside

38
Q

5 steps in action potential

A
  1. depolarization
  2. threshold potential
  3. repolarization
  4. refractory period (absolute and relative)
  5. hypopolarization and hyperpolarization
39
Q

a completed cycle of cell reproduction takes approximately ___-____

A

12-24 hours

40
Q

different rates occur in the ____ of cell reproduction

A

phases

41
Q

cell growth factors are AKA

A

cytokines

42
Q

______ stimulates connective tissue growth

A

platelet-derived growth factor

43
Q

4 tissue types

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. neural
44
Q

____ tissue covers most internal and external body surfaces

A

epithelial tissue

45
Q 
epithelial tissue can be:
1. \_\_\_ vs \_\_\_\_
2.
3. 
4.
5.
A
  1. simple or stratified
  2. squamous
  3. cuboidal
  4. columnar
  5. pseudo stratified
46
Q

structures on epithelial tissue include ___ and ____

A

cilia and microvilli

47
Q

4 functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion

48
Q

5 types of connective tissue

A

cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, organs

49
Q

4 functions of CT

A
  1. framework for forming organs
  2. binding
  3. supporting
  4. storing excess nutrients
50
Q

2 basic components of CT (loose or dense)

A
  1. ground substance

2. fibers

51
Q

muscle tissue is mostly composed of

A

myocytes

52
Q

3 examples of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

53
Q

contractile tissue of muscle tissue enables ___ and ____ movement

A

involuntary and voluntary movement

54
Q

5 structures in neural tissue

A
  1. neurons
  2. synapses
  3. cell body
  4. axons
  5. dendrites
55
Q

function of neural tissue is to…

A

receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly across junctions called synapses (neurotransmitters)

N230A Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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