Chapter 1: Cardio-Respiratory System Flashcards
During inspiration, which one of these must air first pass through before entering the bronchi?
A: Alveoli
B: Bronchioles
C: Lungs
D: Trachea
D
Trachea
Adam plays badminton every week at a local leisure centre.
How would the mechanics of Adam’s breathing change during inhalation as a result of exercise?
- (During inhalation) his lungs can expand more during exercise (1)
- Due to the use of other muscles (sternocleidomastoid / pectorals) (1)
Accept any other relevant point about how an aspect of the mechanics of breathing changes as a result of exercise. Answers must refer to inhalation.
Identify the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Artery (1) Accept aorta
State two characteristics of the artery
- Thick elastic walls (1)
- Small lumen (1)
- Smooth muscle layer (1)
- Carries blood at high pressure (1)
Accept any other suitable characteristic of arteries
Breathing enables gaseous exchange to occur at the alveoli.
Outline how two features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange.
- Large surface area of alveoli to allow larger volumes of gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream (1)
- Moist thin walls / one cell thick creating a short distance for diffusion / short diffusion pathway (1)
- Lots of capillaries around the alveoli so large area for gas exchange (1)
- Large blood supply to carry gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide (1)
- Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration means there is a pressure gradient which allows diffusion to occur (1)
Accept any other suitable outline of how features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange. Answers must link the feature to how it assists in gaseous exchange.
Define cardiac output.
- The amount of blood ejected / pumped from the heart in one minute (1)
- Stroke volume × heart rate (1)
Define the terms tidal volume and residual volume.
- Tidal volume – volume of air inspired or expired / exchanged per breath (1)
- Residual volume – volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration (1)
Accept any other suitable definitions of tidal volume and residual volume.
Outline what will happen to tidal volume and residual volume once exercise starts.
- Tidal volume increases (once exercise starts) (1)
* Residual volume stays the same (once exercise starts) (1)
How is maximum heart rate calculated?
220 - age
Name three of the air passages which allow air to enter the body.
- mouth
- nose
- pharynx
- epiglottis
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
Describe what gaseous exchange is and clearly state where it takes place.
Oxygen being taken in / being exchanged for the carbon dioxide which is to be breathed out.
Gaseous exchange occurs
in the lungs / alveoli
The air passages are one part of the breathing system. Name three other parts.
- trachea
- alveoli
- bronchioles lungs
- diaphragm
- mouth
- nasal cavity or nose
- larynx
- pharynx
- intercostal muscles
- bronchus, bronchi.
Describe how respiration takes place.
- the process by which the body / takes in oxygen / and gives out carbon dioxide
- the process of the lungs / inspiring / and expiring
• reference to aerobic and anaerobic respiration is also
acceptable.
Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.
What is the pulse?
The beat/pump (a single contraction) of the heart.
accept.... heart beat
What is blood pressure?
Resistance in the cardio-vascular system (one mark) to the flow of blood
round the body (one mark).
force of the blood (one mark) passing through an artery (one mark)
accept a measure of blood flow/ease at which blood flows around the body.
a measure of the blood flow through an artery = 2 marks.
do not accept the speed at which blood travels/how fast blood travels.
What does the Cardio-Respiratory System consist of?
The Cardiovascular system and Respiratory System.
It includes: Heart, Blood Vessels & Blood as well as Lungs & Airways
Describe the pathway of air into the lungs
Nose/Mouth Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli (Capillaries)
Explain the process of Gaseous Exchange
- Oxygen that is breathed in passes to the alveoli where it has a high concentration
- Oxygen passes through the alveoli into the red blood cells in the capillaries, which have a low concentration
- In the red blood cells, oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin before being carried around the body to be used
- At the same time, haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide (high concentration) from the body
- Carbon dioxide in the capillaries passes through into the alveoli and is breathed out.
What is the diffusion pathway?
Gases (inc. oxygen and carbon dioxide) move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in an attempt to reach equilibrium.
The distance that the molecules travel = diffusion pathway and is short in gaseous exchange.
What is haemoglobin?
The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide around the body
What is oxyhaemoglobin?
A chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen
Describe the mechanics of breathing
Inspiration:
- Diaphragm contracts & flattens
- Intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs up and pushing the sternum out
- Chest cavity increases in size, reducing air pressure inside the lungs
Expiration:
- Diaphragm relaxes & becomes dome shaped
- Intercostal muscles relax, lowering the ribs and dropping the sternum
- Chest cavity becomes smaller, increasing air pressure inside the lungs
Define Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System and Cardio-Respiratory System
Respiratory - Lungs and breathing
Cardiovascular - Heart pumping blood round the body
Cardio-Respiratory - The cardio and respiratory systems working together to breath in oxygen then pump it round the body to the muscles and removing waste products
What are the muscle that control the breathing?
Diaphragm and intercostal (ribs)
What is residual volume?
The air remaining in the lungs after breathing out fully
What is vital capacity?
the amount of air that can be exhaled with one maximum breath
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air breathed in at rest or when exercising…simply the amount of air out are breathing in/out
What is the function of a vein?
Function - take blood towards the heart
What are the features of a vein?
Features - large lumen, thin walls, valves to stop backflow of blood
What is the function of a capillary blood vessel?
They are small so can be used in gas exchange to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse between the lungs and the blood or between muscles and the blood
What is a vascular/blood shunt?
When the body sends the blood to the areas of the body that need the blood supply the most
What is vasodilation?
The widening of blood vessels, allowing more blood into the blood vessels. This occurs in areas of the body that require the most blood eg working muscles during exercise
What is vasoconstriction?
The narrowing of blood vessels, restricting the blood flow to a specific area of the body.
What is the pulmonary circuit in the cardiovascular system?
Where blood circulates from the heart, to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
What is the systemic circuit in the cardiovascular system?
Where oxygenated blood is circulated from the heart to the body, feeding the cells that require oxygen eg working muscles during exercise
Name the chambers of the heart that receive blood when it first enters the heart
Right/Left Atrium
Name the chambers of the heart that eject blood from the heart
Right/left ventricle
What is the cardiac cycle?
The journey of the blood around the heart during a heart beat
What does systole mean?
When the heart is contracting/squeezing during a heart beat
What does diastole mean?
When the heart is relaxing during a heart beat
What is atrial and ventricular systole
Atrial systole - when the atrium contract during a heart beat
Ventricular systole - when the ventricles contract during a heart beat
What is meant by ‘heart rate’?
Number of times a heart beats in a minute (BPM)
What is meant by ‘maximal heart rate’?
Maximum number of heart beats of the heart per minute (220-age)
What is meant by ‘stroke volume’?
Volume of blood leaving the heart per beat
What is meant by ‘cardiac output’? How do we calculate CO?
Volume of blood leaving the heart per minute
Calculated by: Heart Rate (beats per min) x Stroke Volume (vol of blood per beat)
What are the long term adaptions to the cardiovascular system as a result of regular exercise? (name at least 4)
Cardiac Hypertrophy- heart gets bigger
Increased stroke volume - more blood can be ejected per beat
Decreased resting heart rate - heart is more efficient so does not need to beat so fast at rest
Increased maximum cardiac output - as the heart is bigger it can eject more blood per minute
Capilarisation - more capillaries grow around the lungs and muscles
More blood - develop more blood so can deliver more oxygen to the muscles
What is systolic blood pressure?
BP when the heart is contracting
What is diastolic blood pressure?
BP when the heart is relaxing
What is a healthy blood pressure range?
Between 90/60 up to 120/80
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure associated with heart disease
What is hypotension?
Lower than normal blood pressure
What are the factors that effect blood pressure?
Age - BP increases with age
Stress - Increases BP
Diet - Eating high fat, salt and sugar foods narrows blood vessels and increases BP
Exercise - Regular exercise keeps blood vessels healthy and keeps BP healthy
