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Bio > Chapter 1 Bio Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Bio Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organism

A

A living entity; an entity that has sufficient qualities of life to be considered “alive”

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2
Q

Biology

A

The study of life

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3
Q

Unicellular Organism

A

Any organism that is composed of a single cell

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4
Q

Multicellular Organism

A

Any organism that is composed of many cells, often involving many types of cells

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5
Q

Cell Structure

A

Term that refers to forms or molecular arrangements that physically create the cell

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6
Q

Cell Function

A

Term that refers to the job that a cell performs or how a cell performs its job

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7
Q

Differentiation

A

Developmental process of cells becoming different from one another

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a steady internal state within a cell or organism

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9
Q

Stimulus

A

An event, external to a cell or organism, that initiates a response

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10
Q

Response

A

In a cell or organism, an event or series of events that follows a stimulus

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11
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work or to cause change

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12
Q

Reproduction

A

The creation of offspring by an organism

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13
Q

Inheritance

A

The passing on of traits from and individual to its offspring

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14
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that contains the code for production of one polypeptide

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15
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction involving a single parent and resulting in offspring that are identical to their parent and to each other

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16
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction involving the joining of two cells to form the first cell of the new offspring; usually involves two parents

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17
Q

Fertilization

A

The joining of two gametes (egg and sperm) to form the first cell of a new offspring

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18
Q

Zygote

A

The first cell of a new offspring that resulted from the joining of two gametes

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19
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

A single organism that contains both male and female sexual organs

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20
Q

Adaption

A

Ann inherited trait that helps an organism to survive in its environment

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21
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual change in a species over time

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22
Q

Natural Selection

A

Term to describe the mechanism of evolution whereby nature chooses which forms of an organism survive to reproduce and pas their traits on to the next generation

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23
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the interactions among organisms with each other and with their physical environments

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24
Q

Ecosystem

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

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25
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process by which an organism converts light energy to chemical energy and stores the chemical energy in glucose (food)

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26
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that can use some energy source to convert inorganic materials into food molecules; “self-feeders”

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27
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Process by which an organism releases energy from food molecules and transfers the energy to ATP for cell use

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28
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that must consume other living things (as food) for a source of energy

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29
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

Scientific law that states that, during chemical reactions, energy is neither created nor destroyed

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30
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

Scientific law that states that, during chemical reactions, matter is neither created nor destroyed

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31
Q

Cell

A

The basic unit of structure and function in a living organism; the smallest unit that performs the functions of life

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32
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Cell that contains a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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33
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

Cell that lacks a true nucleus and also lacks membrane-bound organelles

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34
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all of the chemical/biochemical reactions in an organism

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35
Q

Growth

A

The biological process of cells/organisms becoming larger and/or maturing

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36
Q

Development

A

The series of events that occur as an organism matures from its first form to its mature form

37
Q

Microscope

A

A tool that is used to create an enlarged image of a specimen

38
Q

Magnification

A

A factor of enlargement of an image (e.g., 10x)

39
Q

Resolution

A

Ability to see that two closely-positioned points are separate points

40
Q

Light Microscope

A

Microscope that uses light to create an image

41
Q

Compound Light Microscope

A

Light microscope that uses multiple lenses to magnify an image and typically involves light passing through the specimen

42
Q

Stage

A

Horizontal surface on which a slide/specimen is placed for viewing

43
Q

Ocular lens

A

On a microscope, a lens that is closest to the eye; one looks directly into the ocular lens

44
Q

Objective lens

A

On a microscope, a lens that is closest to the specimen

45
Q

Revolving Nose-Piece

A

On a microscope with multiple objective lenses, the part that holds these lenses and can rotate to move different lenses into viewing position

46
Q

Arm/Neck

A

On a microscope, the portion to which the ocular lens/es are attached and by which one typically carries the microscope

47
Q

Diaphragm

A

On a light microscope, the part that varies the amount of light that can pass through the specimen; the diaphragm may be iris-style or a plate with distinct holes

48
Q

Dissecting Light Microscope

A

A light microscope that reflects light off of the surface of a specimen and typically has relatively low magnification options

49
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A

A type of microscope which creates an image by reflecting electrons off of the surface of a specimen; very high magnifications and resolutions are typical

50
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A

A type of microscope which creates an image by passing electrons through a very thin section of a specimen; very high magnifications and resolutions are typical

51
Q

Scanning-Tunneling Microscope

A

A computerized imaging machine that detects electrons clouds around atoms on the surface of a specimen and creates the image using information about the electrons

52
Q

Phase Contrast Microscope

A

Type of microscope that can change the phase of light coming through a specimen and thereby show greater contrast between different areas than a standard light microscope could do

53
Q

Cell Culture

A

Growth of particular cell types in a laboratory, separate from the complete organism

54
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

The breaking open of cells in order to collect and/or study the individual structures from the cell’s interior

55
Q

Centrifugation

A

Process of separating small particles (even molecules) based on their weight and density; involves spinning the initial mixture at high speed in a tube so that heavier particles end up farther from the center of the spin

56
Q

Chromatography

A

Process of separating molecules based on their differing solubilities in a given solvent; the molecules and the solvent are allowed to move along a matrix, and the molecules that dissolved the best travel the farthest

57
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Process of separating molecules (often DNA or RNA) in a gel; the molecules follow an electric current, and larger molecules become tangled in the gel sooner and do not travel as far as smaller molecules that move more easily through the gel

58
Q

Data

A

Recorded observations, singular form = datum

59
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Recorded observations in the form of descriptions or qualities

60
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Recorded observations in the form of counts or measurements (numerical)

61
Q

Observation

A

Information gathered by using one’s senses

62
Q

Sampling

A

Data collection on a small number of individuals that represent a much larger group

63
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement predicting the outcome of an experiment

64
Q

Prediction

A

An “If-then” statement; e.g., If the sun comes out, then the temperature will rise.

65
Q

Experiment

A

A controlled test of a hypothesis

66
Q

Control Group

A

Experimental set-up that will serve as a basis of comparison to all other set-ups of the experiment

67
Q

Experimental Group

A

Experimental set-up that differs from the control group in the independent variable

68
Q

Significant (Results)

A

Term to indicate that the pattern of results from an experiment did NOT occur by chance

69
Q

Independent Variable

A

In an experiment, the condition that the researcher changes or allows to change (e.g., time); change in this variable is not caused by change in another variable

70
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In an experiment, the condition that responds to changes in the independent variable

71
Q

Model

A

A representation of a complex phenomenon; may be visual, 3-D, mathematical, or verbal

72
Q

Inference

A

A conclusion, based on observations, about some phenomenon that is not directly observed

73
Q

Theory

A

A statement of explanation about some phenomenon that has been supported by extensive evidence

74
Q

Meter (m)

A

Standard base unit for measuring length; abbreviation is lower case m

75
Q

Gram (g)

A

Standard base unit for measuring mass; abbreviation is lowercase g

76
Q

Second (s)

A

Standard base unit for measuring time; abbreviation is lowercase s

77
Q

Liter (L)

A

Non-standard base unit for measuring volume; abbreviation is uppercase L

78
Q

Mega (M)

A

Prefix meaning million or 10^6; abbreviation is upper case M

79
Q

Kilo (k)

A

Prefix meaning thousand or 10^3; abbreviation is lower case k

80
Q

Hecto (h)

A

Prefix meaning hundred or 10^2; abbreviation is lower case h

81
Q

Deka (da)

A

Prefix meaning ten or 10^1; abbreviation is lower case ‘da’

82
Q

Deci (d)

A

Prefix meaning on tenth or 10^-1; abbreviation is lowercase d

83
Q

Centi (c)

A

Prefix meaning one hundredth or 10^-2; abbreviation is lower case c

84
Q

Milli (m)

A

Prefix meaning one thousandth or 10^-3; abbreviation is lowercase m

85
Q

Micro (μ)

A

Prefix meaning one millionth or 10^-6; abbreviation is lower case Greek mu (μ)

86
Q

Scientific Notation

A

The expression of a numerical value as a product of some number that is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10 times a power of 10.
Ex.: 1234 is properly expressed in scientific notation as 1.234 x 10^3

87
Q

Nano (n)

A

Prefix meaning one billionth or 10^-9. Symbol is a lowercase n.

88
Q

Pico (p)

A

Prefix meaning one trillionth or 10^-12. Symbol is a lowercase p

Bio (6 decks)

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