Chapter 1(b) - Management History Flashcards
What are some early management examples?
The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China demonstrate projects of tremendous scope completed with the help of tens of thousands of people in ancient times.
Who published “The Wealth of Nations” and what concept did it introduce?
Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations in 1776, introducing the concept of division of labor (job specialization), breaking down jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution, during the late eighteenth century, was a period when machine power substituted for human power, making manufacturing goods in factories more economical than at home.
What is the Classical Approach to management?
The Classical Approach is the first systematic study of management, focusing on rationality and making organizations and workers as efficient as possible.
What is Scientific Management?
Scientific management is an approach that uses the scientific method to determine the “one best way” for a job to be done.
What are Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles?
Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles include: 1. Develop a science for each element of work to replace old rule-of-thumb methods. 2. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop workers. 3. Cooperate with workers to ensure all work aligns with the science developed. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers.
Who were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and what is ‘Therbligs’?
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth developed ‘Therbligs,’ a classification scheme for labeling basic hand motions to improve efficiency.
What is General Administrative Theory?
General administrative theory focuses on describing what managers do and identifying principles for effective management practices applicable in all organizational situations.
What are Henri Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management?
Henri Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management include:
1. Division of work
2. Authority
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of tenure of personnel
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps.
Who was Max Weber and what is Bureaucracy?
Max Weber introduced Bureaucracy, a form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clear hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships.
What are the key characteristics of Weber’s Bureaucracy?
Weber’s Bureaucracy includes:
1. Managers as Career Professionals
2. Uniform Application of Rules and Controls
3. Career Orientation
4. Hierarchy and Division of Labor
5. Formal Rules and Regulations
6. System of Authority
7. Selection Based on Technical Qualifications
What is Organizational Behavior (OB)?
Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of the actions of people at work.
Who were early advocates of Organizational Behavior and what were their contributions?
Early advocates and contributions include:
1. Chester Barnard (1930s): Emphasized cooperation, communication, and open systems.
2. Robert Owen (Late 1700s): Focused on improving workplace conditions and employee welfare.
3. Mary Parker Follett (Early 1900s): Examined individual and group behavioral perspectives, promoting people-oriented management.
4. Hugo Munsterberg (Early 1900s): Advocated for psychological studies and employee training to enhance motivation.
What were the Hawthorne Studies?
The Hawthorne Studies were a series of studies conducted during the 1920s and 1930s that provided new insights into individual and group behavior in organizations.
What is the Quantitative Approach in management?
The Quantitative Approach involves the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision-making.
What is Total Quality Management (TQM)?
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a philosophy of management focused on continuous improvement and responsiveness to customer needs and expectations.
What are the key characteristics of Quality Management?
Characteristics of Quality Management include:
1. Intense focus on the customer.
2. Concern for continual improvement.
3. Process focused.
4. Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does.
5. Accurate measurement.
6. Empowerment of employees.
What are Contemporary Approaches to management?
Contemporary Approaches include:
- Systems Approach
- Open Systems vs. Closed Systems
- Consideration of variables such as organization size, task technology, environmental uncertainty, and individual differences.
What is the difference between Open and Closed systems?
- Closed Systems are not influenced by or do not interact with their environment.
- Open Systems interact with and are influenced by their environment.
