Chapter 1 and 2 Theories and Method

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

Psychological qualities that contribute to an individual?s enduring and distinctive patterns of feeling, thinking and behaving.

Question 2

Scientific Observation

Answer 2

Large and diverse groups, Objective observations, Specialised tools

Question 3

Systematic

Answer 3

Ideas related in a logical coherent way

Question 4

Testable

Answer 4

Needs proof

Question 5

Comprehensive

Answer 5

All psychological significant aspects should be discussed

Question 6

Applied value

Answer 6

Theory can solve problems (therapy)

Question 7

L-O-T-S of Data

Answer 7

Life (life records), Observer (Observer data from knowledgeable observers), Test (Data from experimental procedures or standardised tests), Subject (Information from subject themselves)

Question 8

Stoeber et al. (2010); S- and T-Data

Answer 8

Striving for perfection predicts task performance via time on task

Question 9

Idiographic Strategies (flexible)

Answer 9

Case studies, Situation/person specific, Open ended questions

Question 10

Nomothetic Strategies (fixed)

Answer 10

Correlational Research, Lab Studies and Experimental Research

Question 11

Correlation (Cohen) r; Small Medium, Large

Answer 11

Small .10; Medium .30; Large .50

Question 12

Big Five (OCEAN)

Answer 12

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Question 13

Reliability

Answer 13

Observations can be replicated, measures are dependable, exact and consistent

Question 14

Validity

Answer 14

Observations reflect the phenomena of interest, measures what it is designed to

Question 15

Internal Consistency

Answer 15

Consistency within the same measure

Question 16

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 16

Consistency over time

Question 17

Parallel-Test Reliability

Answer 17

Consistent between two forms of the same measure

Question 18

Interrater Reliability

Answer 18

Consistency between two raters

Question 19

Construct Validity

Answer 19

Actually measures the construct it was designed to measure

Question 20

Convergent Validity

Answer 20

Does it show high correlations with other measures that measure the same or related constructs

Question 21

Discriminant Validity

Answer 21

Does the measure show lower correlations with other measures that have been demonstrated to measure a different construct or unrelated constructs

Question 22

Content Validity

Answer 22

Do items of a measure adequately represent a broader class of feelings, thoughts or behaviours

Question 23

Criterion Validity

Answer 23

Does the measure correlate with a separate criterion ? as is expected according to theory

Question 24

Hierarchy

Answer 24

A system in which some units are higher in order and therefore in control of the functions of other units

Question 25

Personality

Answer 25

Those characteristics of the person that account for consistency patterns of experience and action

Question 26

Process

Answer 26

In personality theory, the concept that refers to the motivational aspects of personality

Question 27

Structure

Answer 27

In personality theory, the concept that refers to the more enduring and stable aspects of personality

Question 28

System

Answer 28

A collection of highly interconnected parts that function together; in the study of personality, distinct psychological mechanisms may function together as a system that produces the psychological phenomena of personality

Question 29

Temperament

Answer 29

Biologically based emotional and behavioural tendencies that are evident in early childhood

Question 30

Trait

Answer 30

An enduring psychological characteristic of an individual; or a type of psychological construct that refers to such characteristics

Question 31

Type

Answer 31

A cluster of personality trait that may constitute a qualitatively distinct category of persons (personality type)

Question 32

Units of analysis

Answer 32

A concept that refers to the basic variables of a theory; different personality theories invoke different types of variables, or different basic units of analysis, in conceptualizing personality structure

Question 33

Demand characteristics

Answer 33

Cues that are implicit (hidden) in the experimental setting and influence the subjects behaviour

Question 34

Response style

Answer 34

The tendency of some subjects to respond to test items in a consistent, patterned way that has to do with the form of the questions or answers rather than their content

Question 35

Case studies

Answer 35

An approach to research in which one studies an individual person in great detail. This strategy commonly is associated with clinical research, that is, research conducted by a therapist in the cource of in-depth experiences with a client

Question 36

Correlational coefficient

Answer 36

A numerical index that summarizes the degree to which two variables are related linearly

Question 37

Correlational research

Answer 37

An approach to research in which existing individual differences are measured and related to one another, rather than being manipulated as in experimental research

Question 38

Experimental research

Answer 38

An approach to research in which the experimenter menipulates a variable of interest, usually by assigning different research participants, at random, to different experimental conditions

Question 39

Experimenter expectancy effects

Answer 39

Unintended experimenter effects involving behaviours that lead subjects to respond in accordance with the experimenters hypothesis