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Psychology Chapter 1 And 2 > Chapter 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the term Psychology coined

A

16th Century

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2
Q

The goals of psychology are to

A

describe, explain, predict and control behavior

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3
Q

Modern psychology is considered to be a

A

science

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4
Q

A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called an

A

independent variable

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5
Q

Dr Jones has individuals run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood hypothetical study, the independent variable is

A

the the number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill

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6
Q

In the above example what is the dependent variable

A

the self-reported mood

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7
Q

In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to _____ these phemomena

A

predict and control

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8
Q

In 1879, in Leipzig Germany, the first psychological laboratory was developed by

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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9
Q

The term “introspection” means

A

looking inward

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10
Q

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

A

The unconscious mind

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11
Q

Modern day psychology emphasizes:

A

critical thinking

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12
Q

What did structuralism focus on

A

identifying the structure/basic elements of the mind by introspection died out in the 1900s

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13
Q

Who was know for structuralism and created of psychological lab?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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14
Q

What does functionalism focus on?

A

the functions in the real world, how people adabt

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15
Q

who was functionalism was proposed by?

A

William James

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16
Q

What does Gestalt study and what is it used in now?

A

sensation, perception, understanding patterns and whole figures / modern cognitive psychology

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17
Q

Who proposed Gestalt

A

Max Wertheimer

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18
Q

Who developed psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

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19
Q

Did psychoanalysis form the basis of modern psychology?

A

yes

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20
Q

What does Behaviorism focus on?

A

objective, observable environmental influences on overt/visible behavior

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21
Q

What does Humanism focus on?

A

Personal growth. Based on idea that people have free will to choose destiny

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22
Q

Cognitive focuses on

A

thinking, perceiving, problem solving, memory, language, & information processing

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23
Q

bio psychological focuses on

A

genetics & other biological processes in the brain & other parts of the nervous system

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24
Q

Evolutionary focuses on

A

natural selection, adaptation, & evolution

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25
Sociocultural examines
relationship between social behavior and culture
26
What is psychology?
The science of behavior and mental processes
27
What are pseudoscience?
Testable beliefs that that are not supported by the evidence | seem like science but arent
28
What is Apophenia?
The tendency to find connection among unrelated or random phenomena
29
What is Pareidolia?
seeing meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli
30
What are naturalistic observations?
Observation and recording behavior and mental processes in the participant’s natural state or habitat.
31
What is survey research?
Research technique that asks a series of questions about the topic under study
32
What is a case study?
In-depth study of a single research participant.
33
What does the Experimental Design allow researchers to do?
determine cause and effect by a deliberate manipulation of variables
34
What does the Operation Definition describe?
how the variables in the study will be observed and measured
35
What is a Independent Variable?
Variable manipulated by experimenter
36
What is the Dependent Variable?
The variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment
37
What is confirmation bias?
Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and neglect or distort contradicting evidence
38
What is belief perseverance?
Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
39
What is the nervous system?
network of specialized cells carrying information to and from all parts of the body that coordinates movement sensation thinking
40
What is neuroscience?
emphasis on structure and function of neurons, nerves and nervous tissue
41
What is the biological psychology focus on?
Focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning
42
What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
43
What does Somatic Nervous System (SNS) regulate?
Voluntary actions such as turning your head or standing up
44
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fight or flight
45
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rest and relax
46
What are neurons?
cells responsible for receiving and sending information within the nervous system using electrochemical messages
47
What are Glia (Greek for glue) ?
Support Cells for the neurons, providing nutrition, structural support, clean waste
48
What do Sensory (afferent) Neurons do?
Transmit information from the sensory cells to the brain
49
What do Motor (efferent) Neurons do?
Transmit information from the brain to the organs and muscles
50
What do Interneurons do?
Pass information between the various sensory and motor neurons
51
What are the Dendrites
Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons
52
What is the Soma (Cell Body)
Responsible for maintaining the life of the cell
53
What is the Axon
Long tube-like structure | Carries information to the next neuron
54
What are Terminal Buttons
End of axon, transmits signal to the next neuron
55
What is Myelin
A fatty covering which surrounds many axons and permits action potentials to be conducted at faster speeds (up to 100x faster).
56
Inside ion more negative
Positive potassium negative protein
57
Outside ion more positive
Positive calcium and sodium negative chloride
58
What is Resting Potential
slight negative electrical potential of the axon membrane of a neuron at rest
59
What is Action Potential
sudden reversal of the resting potential, initiates firing of neuron
60
What is Depolarization
Influx of + charged sodium ions | Neuron more likely to fire
61
Communication Between Neurons | Occurs through transmission of neurotransmitters across
the synapse
62
The synapse consists of
a Presynaptic ending (the terminal button) that contains neurotransmitters a Postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters (the dendrite) a Synaptic Cleft or space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings
63
Acetylcholine
excitatory or inhibitory; involved in memory and controls muscle contractions
64
Serotonin
Excitatory or inhibitory ; involved in mood sleep and appetite
65
Gaba
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in sleep and inhibits movement
66
Glutamate
Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning memory formation and nervous system development
67
Norepinephrine
Mainly excitatory;involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure
68
Dopamine
Excitatory or inhibitory ; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure
69
Endorphins
Inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain relief
70
Agonists drug
mimic or enhance neurotransmitter effects on the receptor sites
71
Antagonists drug
block or reduce the effects of a neurotransmitter a cell’s response to the action of other neurotransmitters `
72
Medulla
First large swelling at top of spinal column Responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate
73
Pons
Larger swelling above the medulla Connects top of brain to bottom Involved in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination
74
Cerebellum
is attached to the rest of the brain by three stalks (called pedunculi). Coordinates skeletal muscles to produce smooth, graceful motions, maintains posture, muscle tone, balance The cerebellum receives information from our eyes, ears, muscles, and joints about the body’s current positioning (referred to as proprioception)
75
Thalamus
nearly all sensory information passes through the thalamus it is considered the sensory “way station” of the brain, passing information on to the cerebral cortex
76
Hypothalamus
Small brain structure beneath the thalamus that helps govern drives (hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression) and hormones by controlling the Pituitary
77
Corpus callosum
The two hemispheres communicate with one another through the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication
78
Brain Lateralization
The brain is divided into two halves, called hemispheres. There is evidence that each brain hemisphere has its own distinct functions, a phenomenon referred to as lateralization.
79
Occipital Lobes:
responsible for vision and visual perception
80
Parietal Lobes:
responsible for interpreting bodily sensations (touch)
81
Temporal Lobes:
responsible for hearing, language comprehension, memory, and recognizing objects by sight and some emotional control

Psychology Chapter 1 And 2 (2 decks)

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