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Psychology Chapter 1 And 2 > Chapter 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the term Psychology coined

A

16th Century

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2
Q

The goals of psychology are to

A

describe, explain, predict and control behavior

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3
Q

Modern psychology is considered to be a

A

science

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4
Q

A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called an

A

independent variable

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5
Q

Dr Jones has individuals run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood hypothetical study, the independent variable is

A

the the number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill

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6
Q

In the above example what is the dependent variable

A

the self-reported mood

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7
Q

In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to _____ these phemomena

A

predict and control

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8
Q

In 1879, in Leipzig Germany, the first psychological laboratory was developed by

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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9
Q

The term “introspection” means

A

looking inward

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10
Q

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

A

The unconscious mind

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11
Q

Modern day psychology emphasizes:

A

critical thinking

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12
Q

What did structuralism focus on

A

identifying the structure/basic elements of the mind by introspection died out in the 1900s

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13
Q

Who was know for structuralism and created of psychological lab?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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14
Q

What does functionalism focus on?

A

the functions in the real world, how people adabt

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15
Q

who was functionalism was proposed by?

A

William James

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16
Q

What does Gestalt study and what is it used in now?

A

sensation, perception, understanding patterns and whole figures / modern cognitive psychology

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17
Q

Who proposed Gestalt

A

Max Wertheimer

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18
Q

Who developed psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

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19
Q

Did psychoanalysis form the basis of modern psychology?

A

yes

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20
Q

What does Behaviorism focus on?

A

objective, observable environmental influences on overt/visible behavior

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21
Q

What does Humanism focus on?

A

Personal growth. Based on idea that people have free will to choose destiny

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22
Q

Cognitive focuses on

A

thinking, perceiving, problem solving, memory, language, & information processing

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23
Q

bio psychological focuses on

A

genetics & other biological processes in the brain & other parts of the nervous system

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24
Q

Evolutionary focuses on

A

natural selection, adaptation, & evolution

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25
Q

Sociocultural examines

A

relationship between social behavior and culture

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26
Q

What is psychology?

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

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27
Q

What are pseudoscience?

A

Testable beliefs that that are not supported by the evidence

seem like science but arent

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28
Q

What is Apophenia?

A

The tendency to find connection among unrelated or random phenomena

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29
Q

What is Pareidolia?

A

seeing meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli

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30
Q

What are naturalistic observations?

A

Observation and recording behavior and mental processes in the participant’s natural state or habitat.

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31
Q

What is survey research?

A

Research technique that asks a series of questions about the topic under study

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32
Q

What is a case study?

A

In-depth study of a single research participant.

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33
Q

What does the Experimental Design allow researchers to do?

A

determine cause and effect by a deliberate manipulation of variables

34
Q

What does the Operation Definition describe?

A

how the variables in the study will be observed and measured

35
Q

What is a Independent Variable?

A

Variable manipulated by experimenter

36
Q

What is the Dependent Variable?

A

The variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment

37
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis and neglect or distort contradicting evidence

38
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

39
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

network of specialized cells carrying information to and from all parts of the body that coordinates movement sensation thinking

40
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

emphasis on structure and function of neurons, nerves and nervous tissue

41
Q

What is the biological psychology focus on?

A

Focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning

42
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

43
Q

What does Somatic Nervous System (SNS) regulate?

A

Voluntary actions such as turning your head or standing up

44
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight

45
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest and relax

46
Q

What are neurons?

A

cells responsible for receiving and sending information within the nervous system using electrochemical messages

47
Q

What are Glia (Greek for glue) ?

A

Support Cells for the neurons, providing nutrition, structural support, clean waste

48
Q

What do Sensory (afferent) Neurons do?

A

Transmit information from the sensory cells to the brain

49
Q

What do Motor (efferent) Neurons do?

A

Transmit information from the brain to the organs and muscles

50
Q

What do Interneurons do?

A

Pass information between the various sensory and motor neurons

51
Q

What are the Dendrites

A

Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons

52
Q

What is the Soma (Cell Body)

A

Responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

53
Q

What is the Axon

A

Long tube-like structure

Carries information to the next neuron

54
Q

What are Terminal Buttons

A

End of axon, transmits signal to the next neuron

55
Q

What is Myelin

A

A fatty covering which surrounds many axons and permits action potentials to be conducted at faster speeds (up to 100x faster).

56
Q

Inside ion more negative

A

Positive potassium negative protein

57
Q

Outside ion more positive

A

Positive calcium and sodium negative chloride

58
Q

What is Resting Potential

A

slight negative electrical potential of the axon membrane of a neuron at rest

59
Q

What is Action Potential

A

sudden reversal of the resting potential, initiates firing of neuron

60
Q

What is Depolarization

A

Influx of + charged sodium ions

Neuron more likely to fire

61
Q

Communication Between Neurons

Occurs through transmission of neurotransmitters across

A

the synapse

62
Q

The synapse consists of

A

a Presynaptic ending (the terminal button) that contains neurotransmitters

a Postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters (the dendrite)

a Synaptic Cleft or space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings

63
Q

Acetylcholine

A

excitatory or inhibitory; involved in memory and controls muscle contractions

64
Q

Serotonin

A

Excitatory or inhibitory ; involved in mood sleep and appetite

65
Q

Gaba

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in sleep and inhibits movement

66
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning memory formation and nervous system development

67
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Mainly excitatory;involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure

68
Q

Dopamine

A

Excitatory or inhibitory ; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure

69
Q

Endorphins

A

Inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain relief

70
Q

Agonists drug

A

mimic or enhance neurotransmitter effects on the receptor sites

71
Q

Antagonists drug

A

block or reduce the effects of a neurotransmitter a cell’s response to the action of other neurotransmitters `

72
Q

Medulla

A

First large swelling at top of spinal column

Responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate

73
Q

Pons

A

Larger swelling above the medulla
Connects top of brain to bottom
Involved in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination

74
Q

Cerebellum

A

is attached to the rest of the brain by three stalks (called pedunculi).
Coordinates skeletal muscles to produce smooth, graceful motions, maintains posture, muscle tone, balance
The cerebellum receives information from our eyes, ears, muscles, and joints about the body’s current positioning (referred to as proprioception)

75
Q

Thalamus

A

nearly all sensory information passes through the thalamus it is considered the sensory “way station” of the brain, passing information on to the cerebral cortex

76
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Small brain structure beneath the thalamus that helps govern drives (hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression) and hormones by controlling the Pituitary

77
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The two hemispheres communicate with one another through the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is a wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication

78
Q

Brain Lateralization

A

The brain is divided into two halves, called hemispheres. There is evidence that each brain hemisphere has its own distinct functions, a phenomenon referred to as lateralization.

79
Q

Occipital Lobes:

A

responsible for vision and visual perception

80
Q

Parietal Lobes:

A

responsible for interpreting bodily sensations (touch)

81
Q

Temporal Lobes:

A

responsible for hearing, language comprehension, memory, and recognizing objects by sight and some emotional control

Psychology Chapter 1 And 2 (2 decks)

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