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LPN Program > Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

Organization and General Plan of the Body

1
Q

superior

A

above or higher

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2
Q

inferior

A

below or lower

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3
Q

anterior

A

towards the front

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4
Q

posterior

A

towards the back

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5
Q

ventral

A

towards the front

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6
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back

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7
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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8
Q

lateral

A

away from the midliine

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9
Q

parietal

A

lines the cavity

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10
Q

visceral

A

covers the organ

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11
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

is the study of the body structure. It includes
- size
- shape
- composition
- coloration

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12
Q

What is Physiology?

A

is the study of how the body functions

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13
Q

What is the anatomy of the red blood cells?

A

contains iron in hemoglobin

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14
Q

what is the physiology of red blood cells?

A

carries oxygen, their function

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15
Q

pathophysiology

A

is the study of disorders of functioning

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16
Q

What is the simplest level of organization

A

the chemical level

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17
Q

what is organic chemicals?

A

are often very complex and always contain the the elements carbon and hydrogen

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18
Q

What are some examples of organic chemicals?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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19
Q

What is inorganic chemical?

A

usually the simple molecules made out of one or two elements with the exception of of carbon dioxide (it is simple)

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20
Q

what are some examples of inorganic chemicals?

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • iron
  • sodium
  • calcium
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21
Q

What is the smallest unit of structure and function?

A

cells

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22
Q

how many different cell types is the in the human body?

A

more then 200

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23
Q

what is the estimation of cells in the body?

A

37 trillion with more then 200 jobs

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24
Q

tissue

A

is a group of cells with similar structure and function

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25
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

cover or line body surfaces

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26
Q

what are some examples of epithelial tissue?

A

outer layer of skin
sweat glands
squamous epithelium (internal epithelium in the wall of capillaries)
cuboidal epithelium (kidney tubules)

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27
Q

connective tissues

A

connect and support parts of the body, and some transport or store materials

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28
Q

what are some examples of connective tissues

A

blood, bone, cartilage, and adipose tissues

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29
Q

muscle tissues

A

are specialized in contraction, which brings movement

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30
Q

what are some examples of muscle tissues?

A

skeletal muscles
heart

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31
Q

nerve tissue

A

are specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions

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32
Q

what are some examples of nerve tissues?

A

brain and optic nerve

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33
Q

What is an Organ?

A

isa group of tissues precisely arranged so as to accomplish specific functions

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34
Q

examples of organs?

A

lung
stomach
liver

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35
Q

organ system

A

is a group of organs that all contribute to a particular function

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36
Q

integumentary system function

A
  • protects the body by serving as a barrier to pathogens and chemicals
  • prevents excessive water loss
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37
Q

integumentary system organs

A
  • skin
  • subcutaneous tissue
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38
Q

skeletal system function

A
  • support the body
  • protects internal organs and red bone marrow
  • provides framework to be moved by muscle
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39
Q

skeletal system organs

A
  • bones
  • ligaments
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40
Q

muscular system function

A
  • moves the skeleton or other body parts
  • produces heat
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41
Q

muscular system organs

A
  • muscles
    -tendons
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42
Q

nervous system function

A
  • interprets sensory information and decides how to use it
  • regulates body functions, such as movement, by means of electrochemical impulses
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43
Q

nervous system organs

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • eyes
  • ears
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44
Q

endocrine system function

A
  • regulates body functions such as growth and reproduction by means of hormones
  • regulates day-to-day metabolism by means of hormones
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45
Q

endocrine system organs

A
  • thyroid gland
  • pituitary gland
  • ovaries or testes
  • pancreas
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46
Q

circulatory system function

A
  • transport oxygen and nutrients to tissue and removes waste products
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47
Q

circulatory system organ

A
  • heart
  • blood
  • arteries
  • veins
48
Q

lymphatic system function

A
  • returns tissue fluid to blood
  • destroys pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity
49
Q

lymphatic system organs

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • thymus glands
50
Q

respiratory system function

A
  • exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
51
Q

respiratory system organs

A
  • lungs
  • trachea
  • larynx
  • diaphragm
52
Q

digestive system function

A
  • changes food into simple chemicals that can be absorbed and used by the body
53
Q

digestive system organs

A
  • stomach
  • colon
  • liver
  • pancreas
54
Q

urinary system function

A
  • removes waste products from the blood
  • regulates volume and pH of blood and tissue fluid
55
Q

Urinary system organs

A
  • kidneys
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
56
Q

Reproductive system function

A
  • produce eggs or sperm
  • in women, provides a site for developing embryo/fetus
57
Q

reproductive system organ

A

Female: ovaries, uterus
Males: testes, prostate gland

58
Q

Microbiome

A

a home to micro bacteria

59
Q

microbiota

A

enormous population of bacteria and other microorganisms

60
Q

biome

A
  • comes from the science of ecology
  • maybe be used as the population of a particular environment or the environment itself
61
Q

what are human microbiomes

A
  • skin surface
  • the oral cavity
  • vagina
  • intestine
    (opens to the environment)
62
Q

symbiosis

A
  • “together -life”
  • all species benefit (also called mutualism)
63
Q

external

A

outside, or exterior to

64
Q

internal

A

within, or interior to

65
Q

superficial

A

towards the surface

66
Q

deep

A

within, interior to

67
Q

central

A

the main part

68
Q

peripheral

A

extending from the main part
- ex: nerves in the arm

69
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin
- the knee is proximal to the foot

70
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin
- ex: the palm is distal to the elbow

71
Q

what are the benefits of the “good” bacteria?

A
  • produce vitamins we need (vitamin K, for blood clotting)
  • prevent he growth of pathogens
  • ferments the food residue we don’t digest helps nourish the epithelial cells that form the intestinal lining
  • helps the immune system “establish it self”
73
Q

Homeostasis

A

Reflects the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function normally despite many constant changes

74
Q

Metabolism definition

A

It is all of the chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body. Growing, Reparing, Reacting, Reproducing

75
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Used to mean the speed at which the body produces energy and heat or energy production per unit of time

76
Q

Antebrachial

77
Q

antecubital

A

front of elbow

78
Q

axillary

79
Q

brachial

80
Q

buccal (oral)

81
Q

cardiac

82
Q

cervical

83
Q

cranial

84
Q

cutaneous

85
Q

deltoid

86
Q

femoral

87
Q

frontal

88
Q

gastric

89
Q

gluteal

90
Q

hepatic

91
Q

iliac

92
Q

inguinal

93
Q

lumbar

A

small of back

94
Q

mammary

95
Q

nasal

96
Q

occipital

A

back of head

97
Q

orbital

98
Q

parietal

A

crown of head

99
Q

patellar

100
Q

pectoral

101
Q

pedal

102
Q

perineal

A

pelvic floor

103
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

104
Q

popliteal

A

back of knee

105
Q

pulmonary

106
Q

renal

107
Q

sacral

A

base of spine

108
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blade

109
Q

sternal

A

breast bone

110
Q

temporal

A

side of head

111
Q

umbilical

112
Q

volar (palmer)

113
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

back and front

114
Q

sagittal plane

A

left and right

115
Q

transverse plane

A

up and down

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