Chapter 1: AnaPhy & Homeostasis Flashcards
- - anatomy - physiology - structural & functional organization - characteristics of life - homeostasis
what is something that provokes a particular response ?
stimuli
it is a scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
anatomy
to cut apart or open
anatomy
study of the organization of the body by area
regional anatomy
study of the body by systems
systemic anatomy
two ways to examine a living human
anatomical imaging and surface anatomy
anatomical imaging
involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, and MRI
surface anatomy
study of the external features such as bony projections
it deals with the processes or functions of living things
physiology
True or False: one of the goal of physiology is to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli.
true
True or False: one of the goals of physiology is to complicate how the body maintains internal conditions within a narrow range of continually changing internal and external environment.
false - physiology does not aim to complicate, instead it aims to make people understand how the body works.
two types of physiology
human physiology and cellular/systemic physiology
what is a human physiology?
study of the a specific organism (human)
the study of subdivisions that emphasize specific organizational levels
cellular and systemic physiology
what organizational level is this: atoms combine to form moleucules.
chemical level
what organizational level is this: molecules form organelles that make up some cells
cell level
what organizational level is this: group of similar cells
tissue level
what organizational level is this: composed of two or more tissue that perform a common function
organ level
what organizational level is this: composed of organs that helps each other
organ system level
what organizational level is this: organ systems that make up an organism
organism level
what characteristic of life: the specific relationship of the individual parts of an organism
organization
what will happen if the organized state of an organism is disrupted?
death/loss of function
what characteristic of life: ability to use energy to perform vital functions.
metabolism
what characteristic of life: ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments that help maintain its life.
responsiveness
what characteristic of life: an increase in size of all or part of an organism (e.g. increase in cell number/size, amount of substance surrounding the cell)
growth
what characteristic of life: includes the changes an organism undergoes through time (involves growth and differentiation)
development
it is the change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
differentiation
formation of new cells or new organisms
reproduction
homeostasis etymology
homeo - same
stasis - to stop
it is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite what’s happening outside the body.
homeostasis
what is variables?
conditions that changes values which can affect the homeostasis (e.g. temperature, volume, chemical content)
it is governed by the nervous system or the endocrine
homeostatic mechanisms
maintain body temperature near an average value. what is the other term for the average value?
set point; normal range
any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted in this mechanism.
negative feedback
why is body temperature important to our body?
body temperature allows the molecules and enzymes to keep their normal shape so they can function optimally.
what will happen if the body temperature is too low or too high?
the molecules and enzymes cannot functional optimally thus they will be destroyed.
what are the 3 components of homeostasis?
receptor, control center, and effector
what component of homeostasis: it monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli.
receptor
what component of homeostasis: it analyzes the information it receives and determines the response
control center
what component of homeostasis: it receives the output and produce a response
effector
it is the changed variable which initiates a homeostatic mechanism
stimulus
explain what happens to the body if there’s an elevated temperature.
1) thermoreceptors from skin and hypothalamus from the brain detect the high temperature and send the info to the hypothalamus (control center).
2) the hypothalumus stimulates blood vessels in the skin to relax and sweat glands to produce sweat which sends more blood to the body’s surface.
true or false: once the body temperature enters the normal state, the control center signals the sweat glands to increase sweat production.
false
explain what happens to the body if temperature drops.
1) skin blood vessels constrict more than normal and blood is directed to deeper regions of the body.
2) hypothalamus stimulates shivering which generates heat
this mechanism occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response.
positive feedback
explain how positive feedback works in birth
1) uterus is stretched by the baby’s large size
2) stretching stimulates contractions of uterine muscles which pushes the baby against the opening of the uterus
3) the cycle continues until the baby is out; the uterus is stretched, then there will be contractions then stretching, then contractions.
