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AGK Systems ATPL > Chapter 1 - Airframe Designs And Materials > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Airframe Designs And Materials Flashcards

1
Q

CS-23

A

Sets standard for normal, utility and commuter aircraft.

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2
Q

CS-25

A

Applies to turbine powered large aircraft (Around 5,800kg +)

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3
Q

Certification Standards focus on what 4 points?

A
  • Aircraft Design
  • Build Materials
  • Build Quality
  • Manufacturing Standards
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4
Q

What is a ‘Safe-Life’?

A

The time frame within the aircraft will comfortably sustain safe operations - Within the ‘Life span’.

Or

The amount of time where, no catastrophic damage will occur from regular operations.

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5
Q

How is ‘Safe-Life’ measured?

A
  • Flight Hours.
  • Pressurisation Cycles.
  • Landings.
  • Calendar Duration.
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6
Q

What is ‘Fail-Safe’?

A

Redundancy for failure.

If the structural integrity of the aircraft is at risk, then there needs to be a backup which can support the aircraft FULLY.

Critical areas have ‘multiple load paths’ should one fail, another option is available.

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7
Q

3 Hydraulic Pumps is an example of….

A

Redundancy (Failsafe)

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8
Q

Benefits of ‘Fail Safe’?

A
  • Always a backup for critical component failures.

- Prevents major structural failure (In most cases).

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9
Q

Negative(s) of ‘Fail Safe’?

A
  • More weight on aircraft
  • Reduced Performance
  • Higher Costs
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10
Q

An example of Damage Tolerance?

A

Crack-arresting features

Prevents a crack from spreading and compromising the structural integrity of the aircraft (Duplicate Load Paths).

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11
Q

What are the 4 main types of stresses?

A
  • Tension (Pulling) Causes pulled rivets.
  • Compression - Causes Wrinkling
  • Torsion (Twisting)
  • Shear - (2 forces acting in parallel from each other)
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12
Q

What is the definition of Strain (AGK)?

A

Deformation of the component caused by stress on the component.

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13
Q

Bending of the wing will cause…

A
  • Compression

- Tension

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14
Q

Stress formula?

A

Stress = Force / Area

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15
Q

What can cause dynamic loads?

A

-Load Factor changes when the aircraft is manoeuvring.

Rapid manoeuvring causes advanced stress.

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16
Q

What is defined as ‘Static Loads’?

A

When the aircraft is on the ground and not moving.

Landing gear pushing up the wings and fuselage

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17
Q

What is meant by ‘Cyclic Loads’?

A

Stress caused on the aircraft by pressurisation.

Every time the aircraft pressurises and climbs, the cabin bulges.
METAL FATIGUE

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18
Q

What is the risk of having low amounts of fuel? (Other than starvation)

A

The aircraft uses fuel as a counter balance to lift in the wings.
- Without this counter balance the stress on the wing roots increases.

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19
Q

What part of the aircraft sees the most stress?

A

The wing roots.

All the twisting, pulling and compression from the fuel, engines and lift.

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20
Q

What is ‘MRM’?

A

Maximum Ramp Mass

Maxed authorised movement weight on the ground.

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21
Q

What is ‘MZFM’?

A

Maximum Zero Fuel Mass

Cannot exceed it. Will most likely cause structural failure of the wing root.

22
Q

What is ‘MSTM’?

A

Maximum Structural Takeoff Mass

Max weight that the structure of the aircraft can takeoff with.

23
Q

What is ‘MSLM’?

A

Maximum Structural Landing Mass

Max weight for landing that the structure can handle without getting damaged.

24
Q

What are the signs of Stress/Damage?

A
  • Signs of deterioration / distortion
  • Loose / Missing rivets or screws.
  • Wrinkles or bubbles in the skin/paint.
25
Q

Black ‘oily’ fluid is coming out from under the rivets. What does this mean?

A
  • The rivets are corroding.
26
Q

What does ‘Elastic Deformation Limit’ mean?

A

How far a component can be stretched and still return to its original shape.

27
Q

What is meant by ‘Plastic’?

A

The object will NOT go back to its original position after stretching.

28
Q

How do you calculate Ultimate Load Factor?

A

Ultimate Load = Limit Load x 1.5

29
Q

What percentage of their load limit can a wing take?

A

150%

30
Q

What is ‘Fatigue Life’?

A

The number of cycles for a metal to fail at a certain stress.

31
Q

Measures to avoid fatigue?

A
  • Avoid rough manoeuvring
  • Avoid Turbulence
  • Not flying with excessive amounts of fuel / payload.
  • Designs to last (Rounded Windows).
32
Q

Characteristics of a good material?

A
  • High Density
  • High Strength
  • High stiffness
  • Good common resistance
  • Good fatigue resistance
  • Ability to withstand High Temp
  • Easy to manufacture
  • Cheap
  • Lightweight
  • Electrical Conductor
33
Q

What is a Alloy?

A

2 or more different metals blended together to provide ideal properties.

34
Q

What is the makeup of Duralumin

A

Copper, Manganese & Magnesium

35
Q

What is a ‘Composite Material’?

A

Made from 2 or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties.

When combined the properties of the material change.

  • Layered Materials.
36
Q

Advantages of using Composite Materials?

A
  • Make flexible/complex shapes.
  • Lighter.
  • High strength.
  • High stiffness.
  • Resistant to corrosion.
  • High strength to weight ratio.
37
Q

Disadvantages of using Composite Materials?

A
  • Hard to inspect for flaws (Elastic so doesn’t deform)
  • May absorb moisture and delamify.
  • Can be expensive
  • Less damage tolerant
  • Requires immediate repair
  • Does not conduct electricity.
38
Q

What happens when lightning strikes Alloys?

A

Should pass through aircraft

Pin holes at entry and exit points.

39
Q

What happens if lightning strikes Composite?

A

Potential explosion of materials at the exit point.

40
Q

What is ‘Delamination’?

A

When the layers of composite start to separate.

Significantly reduces the strength of the structure.

41
Q

How can we identify Delamination?

A
  • Bubbles on the skin of the aircraft.
  • Hair-line cracks.
  • Changes in sound when tapping structure.
42
Q

What is the definition of ‘Corrosion’?

A

The disintegration of an engineered material into it’s constituent atoms.

43
Q

What is ‘Oxidisation’ corrosion?

A

Chemical reaction of the metal with the air.

Causes breakdown of metal surfaces.

44
Q

What is ‘Electrolytic’ Corrosion?

A

Corrosion caused by electric current between two metals in an electrolytic environment.

45
Q

What is ‘Stress Corrosion’?

A

Fatigue and corrosion that occurs in the materials under high tensile loads.

46
Q

What is ‘Hard Time Maintenance’?

A

Maintenance based on defined limit for individual components and structures. Items are removed from service BEFORE their safe life expires.

47
Q

What is ‘On Condition Maintenance’?

A

Replacement based on condition instead of wear limit.

48
Q

Pitting and discolouration can be a sign of…..?

A

Corrosion.

49
Q

What is ‘Wet-Layup’?

A

Honeycomb material, filled with resin.

50
Q

Fibre, matrix and core combined together are an example of…..

A

Advanced Composites.

51
Q

Salt-laden areas promote ______ therefore, planes must be cleaned regularly.

A

Corrosion

AGK Systems ATPL (8 decks)

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