Chapter 1 A & P

Question 1

What is human anatomy?

Answer 1

The study of the form (or structure) of the human body.

Question 2

What is human physiology?

Answer 2

The study of the function of the human body. In other words, how its parts work.

Question 3

What is the basic unit of life?

Answer 3

The cell.

Question 4

What are characteristics common to life?

Answer 4

Cellular composition
Metabolism
Growth
Excretion
Responsiveness
Movement
Reproduction

Question 5

What is cellular composition?

Answer 5

The cell is the smallest unit of life, so all living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Question 6

What is metabolism?

Answer 6

The sum total of all chemical processes which occur in a living organism.

Question 7

What types of chemical processes occur in a living organism?

Answer 7

Anabolic and Catabolic reactions.

Question 8

What is an anabolic reaction?

Answer 8

A building up process where smaller chemicals are used to build larger ones/

Question 9

What is a catabolic reaction?

Answer 9

A breaking down process where larger chemicals are broken down into smaller ones.

Question 10

What is growth?

Answer 10

Either an increase in the number of cells in an organism, or an increase in size of individual cells.

Question 11

What is excretion?

Answer 11

Metabolism in an organism generates waste products. The organism cannot use these products and they become toxic if they accumulate. For this reason, the organism must have a way to separate these products and remove them. This process is known as excretion.

Question 12

What is responsiveness?

Answer 12

An organism must respond to changes in its environment. These changes are called stimuli. This property is knows as responsiveness (or irritability).

Humans and other animals perceive stimuli through the senses. Sight, taste, touch, hearing, smell and pain.

Question 13

What is movement?

Answer 13

Movement is motion of the organism, or motion inside or between cells. It also includes motion of cells within an organism.

Question 14

What is reproduiction?

Answer 14

In multicellular organisms, reproduction takes place in two forms:

1. Individual cells reproduce within the organism (for growth, and to replace damaged or old cells).
2. The organism yields offspring similar to itself.

Question 15

What are the levels of structural organization?

Answer 15

Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues ( Cells & Extracellular Matrix)
Organ Level (Two or more tissues)
Organ System Level (Two or more organs work to perform specific functions).
Organism Level (All organ systems which work together to make up a working human body an organism)

Question 16

What are the 11 organ systems?

Answer 16

Skeletal System
Muscular System
Endocrine System
Lymphatic System
Nervous System
Digestive System
Reproductive System (Male)
Reproductive System (Female)
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Integumentary System

Question 17

What is the common frame of reference from which all body parts are described?

Answer 17

The anatomical position.

The body is always viewed as standing upright, feet shoulder width apart, upper limbs at sides of trunk, palms facing forward.

Question 18

What are direction tems?

Answer 18

Terms used to describe the relative locations of body parts and markings.

Question 19

What are the common pairs of directional terms?

Answer 19

Anterior/Posterior
Superior/Inferior
Proximal/Distal

Question 20

What is a serous membrane?

Answer 20

A double layered membrane ( actually a folded over single continuous membrane). Within the cavity between the two layers is serous fluid.

Question 21

What is the purpose of serous fluid?

Answer 21

To lubricate organs within a cavity surrounded by a serous membrane.