Chapter 1 Flashcards by Ravi Saraiya

Motherboard components

CPU Socket, PCI bus expansion slots, PCI-Express expansion slots, RAM slots, Chipset with heatsinks, SATA connectors, IDE connector, Main power connector

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CPU socket

The CPU is installed in this socket

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PCI bus expansion slots

Used to add functionality to a PC by adding expansion cards that have a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Connector

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PCI-Express expansion slots

PCI-Express supersees PCI and supports faster data transfer speeds. The larger slots are suitable for high-performance expansion cards, such as graphics cards or disk controllers. The smaller slots are best suited to sound cards and network interface cards.

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RAM slots

Slots for installing RAM on the motherboard

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Chipset with heat sinks

Consists of two chips called the Northbridge and the Southbridge. These chips control data transfer between memory, expansions slots, I/O devices, and the CPU. The heat sinks sit on top of the chipset to prevent overheating.

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SATA connectors

Used for connecting hard drives and CD/DVD drives that use the Serial AT Attachment (SATA) specification

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IDE connector

Used for connecting Integrated Drive electronics (IDE) hard drives and CD/DVD-ROM drives.

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Main power connector

This connector is where the motherboard receives power from the system power supply.

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Bus

a collection of wires carrying data from one place to another

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Four major PC components

Motherboard, Hard drive, RAM, BIOS/CMOS

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BIOS

basic input/output system (set of instructions located in a chip on the motherboard. Tells the CPU to perform certain tasks when power is first turned on). One instruction that the BIOS gives is to perform a power-on self test (POST).

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Computer Boot Procedure

1: Power is applied to the motherboard
2: The CPU starts
3: The CPU carries out the BIOS startup routines including the POST
4: Boot devices, as specified in the BIOS configuration, are searched for an OS
5: The OS is loaded into RAM
6: OS services are started

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Network Interface card (NIC)

card plugged into a motherboard expansion slot that provides a connection between the computer and the network

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Hard drive

consists of magnetic disks called platters that store data in the form of magnetic pulses

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Network client software

requests information stored on another network computer or device

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Network server software

allows a computer to share its resources

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Protocols

define the rules and formats a computer must use when sending information across the network

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NIC driver

receives data from protocols and forwards this data to the physical NIC

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Steps of Network Communication

1: Application tries to access a network resource by sending a message
2: Client software formats the message and passes the message on to the network protocol
3: Protocol packages the message in a format suitable for the network and send it to the NIC driver
4: NIC driver sends data in the request to the NIC card to be converted into necessary signals to be transmitted on the network

Application sends a message to access network resources

client software passes along to network protocol

Protocol sends to NIC driver

NIC driver sends data to NIC

Network medium

cable that plugs into the NIC and connects the computer to the network (can also be air waves in the case of wireless networks)

Local Area Network (LAN)

small network, single collection of machines, connected by one or more interconnecting devices in a small geographic area

internetwork

networked collection of LANs tied together by devices such as routers

Wide area network (WANs)

use the services of third-party communication providers to carry network traffic from one location to another (network that connects LANs over wide geographical areas)

Metropolitan area networks (MANs)

network that connects computers within a specific geographic location like a city

intranet

a private network

extranet

allows limited and controlled access to internal resources by outside users

packet

chunk of data with a source and destination IP address added to it (like an envelope with the zip code added but not the street address)

Frame

a packet with the source and destination MAC addresses added to it

encapsulation

process of adding IP addresses and MAC addresses to chunks of data

header

information added to the front of chunks of data

trailer

information added to the end of chunks of data

client

can be a workstation or can be network software that requests network resources from a server

Server

a computer with software installed on it that provides a network service to client computers

client computer

runs user applications and accesses network resources

Server operating system

OS installed on a computer designed to share network resources and provide other network services

Server Computer

primary role in the network is to give client computers access to network resources and services

Server software

responds to requests for network resources from client software

network model

defines how and where resources are shared and how access to these resources is regulated (defines rules that distribute resources)

Peer-to-Peer network

most computers function as clients or servers (no centralized control over who has access to network resources) computers can take both a client and server role Any user can share resources with any other user Every user is the admin of their own computer Well suited for small organizations that have small networks and small operating budgets

Server-based network

certain computers take on specialized roles and function mainly as servers, and ordinary users' machines tend to function mainly as clients Allows centralized control over network resources Servers are dedicated to running network services and should not be user to run user applications

Problems with peer-to-peer networks

1: Must remember several credentials to access resources spread out over multiple computers (must remember multiple credentials) 2: Desktop PCs and OS’s installed do not provide network services as efficiently as dedicated network servers 3: Hard to organize and keep track of data stored on each machine because every machine can be a server

Domain

collection of users and computers

Domain controller

servers that manage a domain (collection of users and computers)

directory service

software that manages the network access and security policies of a domain

Active Directory

the directory service software on Windows servers

Some network services found on network servers

Naming services - translate computer names to their address E-mail services - manage incoming and outgoing emaiil Application services - grant client computers access to complex applications that run on the server Communication services - give remote users access to a network Web services - provide comprehensive Web-based application services

Advantages of SSD over hard drive

No moving parts because of flash memory? Faster access times

complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)

configuration of hardware components is stored in this memory