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CSD101 Speech and Hearing Science > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is “science”?

A

A system of knowledge covering the operation of general laws obtained and tested through the scientific method.

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2
Q

What is “physics”?

A

The science that deals with matter, energy, motion, and force, as well as the physical processes and phenomena of a particular system.

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3
Q

What is “acoustics”?

A

A branch of physics that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound.

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4
Q

What is “bioacoustics”?

A

The combination of biology and acoustics in the study of sound production and perception in animals including humans.

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5
Q

What is SI?

A

The international system of units used, based on the modernized metric system.

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6
Q

What are the two systems of SI?

A

MKS (meters, kilograms, seconds) and CGS (centimeters, grams, seconds)

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7
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “giga-“?

A

symbol: G
quantity: 1 billion

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8
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “mega-“?

A

symbol: M
quantity: 1 million

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9
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “kilo-“?

A

symbol: k
quantity: 1 thousand

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10
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “hecto-“?

A

symbol: h
quantity: 1 hundred

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11
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “deka-“?

A

symbol: da
quantity: 1 ten

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12
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “deci-“?

A

symbol: d
quantity: 1 tenth

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13
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “centi-“?

A

symbol: c
quantity: 1 hundreth

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14
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “milli-“?

A

symbol: m
quantity: 1 thousandth

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15
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “micro-“

A

symbol: mu (greek letter not available on my keyboard)
quantity: 1 millionth

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16
Q

What is the symbol and quantity for the prefix “nano-“?

A

symbol: n
quantity: 1 billionth

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17
Q

What is mass (m)?

A

A fundamental property of an object that refers to the amount of matter in the objects. This is measured in kilograms or grams.

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18
Q

What is force (F)?

A

Any influence that causes an object to undergo a change in speed, direction, or shape. This is measured in newtons in the MKS system, and dynes in the CGS system. (mass x acceleration)

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19
Q

What is weight?

A

The force of gravity on an object related to its mass. Weight is a force (F), and therefore measured in newtons.

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20
Q

What is volume?

A

The quantity of three-dimensional space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas. The standard metric unit of measurement is the liter.

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21
Q

What is density?

A

The mass of a substance, material, or object per unit of volume. (m/v=d)

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22
Q

What is the formula for speed?

A

distance traveled in a given unit of time (m/s)

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23
Q

What is the formula for velocity? How is it different than speed?

A

distance traveled in a given unit of time in a specific direction (m/s) direction indicated by +/-

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24
Q

What is the formula for momentum?

A

mass times the velocity of an object during motion (kg(m/s)) OR (g(m/s)). A still object has a momentum of 0.

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25
Q

What is the formula for acceleration?

A

change in velocity as a function of time a=F/m (acceleration=force/mass). Acceleration is directly proportional to the applied force on an object, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. An object with a greater mass will have a smaller acceleration, an object with a smaller mass with have a greater acceleration. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

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26
Q

What is inertia?

A

Resistance of any physical object to a change in its state of motion or rest, measured in g or kg. The source of the resistance is the body’s mass. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW.

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27
Q

What is elasticity?

A

Property of a material that returns it to its original shape after it has been deformed by an external force. This external force is called ‘stress’

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28
Q

What is deformation?

A

A change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force. The relative amount of deformation undergone by the object is called ‘strain’

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29
Q

What is strain?

A

The relative amount of deformation undergone by an object.

30
Q

What is stiffness?

A

Resistance of an elastic body to deformation by an applied force. (K=force/meters)

31
Q

What is work?

A

Force exerted over a distance, measured in joules for MKS (newtons x meters) and ergs for CGS (dynes x centimeters)

32
Q

What is energy?

A

Ability to do work, measured in joules

33
Q

What is power?

A

The rate of work done or energy used in a period of time, measured in watts (work/time)

34
Q

What is pressure?

A

A force acting perpendicularly on a specific area, measured in pascals (force(newtons)/area(square meters)). cm H2O (displaced water in a tube) is another measurement for pressure.

35
Q

What is intensity?

A

Amount of power acting on an area (power per unit of area…power/area), measured in watts per square meter (MKS) or watts per square centimeter (CGS)

36
Q

What is a microbar?

A

unit of measurement for pressure in CGS, dynes per square centimeter. 1 microbar=0.1 pascal

37
Q

What creates sound?

A

A disturbance/some kind of movement that creates changes in pressure in a gas, liquid, or solid medium.

38
Q

What is Brownian motion?

A

The random, rapid movement of air molecules, creating a relatively constant pressure.

39
Q

What is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

101.352 kPa, but a standardized measurement of 100 kPa is often used.

40
Q

What happens to atmospheric pressure as you gain altitude?

A

The atmospheric pressure decreases.

41
Q

What is a vacuum?

A

a total absence of air, and therefore an absence of pressure.

42
Q

What is flow?

A

Movement of air through a particular area in a certain interval of time. It is measured in liters per second (l/s), liters per minute (l/min), milliliters per second (ml/s), or milliliters per minute (ml/min).

43
Q

What is volume velocity?

A

The rate of flow, or the speed of a volume of air traveling in a certain direction. Remember, velocity is direction specific.

44
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Air that flows smoothly with molecules moving in a parallel manner and at the same speed.

45
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

When laminar flow (the smooth current of molecules) is disturbed by an obstacle causing the molecules to move in less regular ways (ie. swirls and eddies) creating random variations in the pair pressure.

46
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

The relationship between pressure, volume, and density. Volume and pressure are inversely related, while density and pressure are directly related.

47
Q

What is Hooke’s law?

A

When an object is displaced, its restoring force is proportional to the distance of displacement and acts in the opposite direction of the displacement.

48
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The maximum distance away from rest position that molecules are displaced. This is determined by, and proportional to, the strength of the disturbance.

49
Q

What is damping?

A

The decrease of amplitude.

50
Q

What is the tympanic membrane and why is it important?

A

It is more commonly known as the ear drum, or abbreviated as TM, and is the part of the ear that detects fluctuations in air pressure caused by sound waves. This is the first location/occurrence of sound detection within the ear. Further functioning structures are required in order for sounds to be registered by the brain.

51
Q

What is a sound wave?

A

The alternating increases and decreases of pressure that move through a medium

52
Q

What does it mean when a wave is

transverse?

A

the molecules are moving up and down along a plane perpendicular to (at right angles to) the direction that the wave is traveling.

53
Q

What does it mean when a wave is longitudinal?

A

The molecules are moving on a plane that is parallel to the direction that the wave is traveling.

54
Q

What kind of waves make up sound?

A

Longitudinal waves

55
Q

What is a wave front?

A

The outermost area of the sphere of waves, furthest from the source of distrubance.

56
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

The area of a wave front is directly proportional to the square of its distance from the disturbance/source.

57
Q

What is simple harmonic motion?

A

When the elasticity, or restoring force, of an object is directly proportional to the displacement of the object from its equilibrium position, but in the opposite direction

58
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of vibration cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz).

59
Q

What is period?

A

The time it takes for one vibration cycle to occur. There is a reciprocal relationship between period and frequency expressed by: F=1/t

60
Q

What does it mean if a sound wave is periodic?

A

Every cycle in the wave takes the same amount of time to occur as every other cycle. Periodic waves have specific musical tones, or pitches.

61
Q

What does it mean if a sound wave is aperiodic?

A

Individual cycles within the wave do not take the same amount of time to occur. These waves produce sound without a pitch, like clapping your hands.

62
Q

What is a waveform?

A

A graph that provides a visual representation of sound waves/movement. time is along the horizontal (X) axis, and amplitude is along the vertical (Y) axis.

63
Q

What is a pure tone?

A

A sound of a single frequency, generated by an object vibrating in simple harmonic motion (SHM)…like a tuning fork. These tones are represented by sinusoidal waves on a waveform.

64
Q

What is a complex sound?

A

A sound wave that consists of two or more frequencies, which sets the air molecules into a more complex vibration.

65
Q

What is a fundamental frequency, and where is it found?

A

Fundamental frequencies are part of complex, periodic sounds. They are the lowest frequency of the sound.

66
Q

What are harmonic frequencies?

A

Also called ‘harmonics,’ they are the frequencies above the fundamental frequency in a complex, periodic sound. They are whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency. The more harmonics present in a sound wave, the more resonant the sound.

67
Q

What are line spectrums used for?

A

They provide a visual representation of the harmonics in a complex periodic sound. However, these do not provide us with any information about time. Line spectrums analyze only the properties of a sound at a particular instant in time.

68
Q

What is the harmonic content of a sound as depicted on a line spectrum?

A

The relationship between the different frequencies present in a sound and their respective amplitudes. This corresponds to the quality of the sound, which can sound different based on the instrument, even for a note with the same fundamental frequency.

69
Q

What is the primary difference between sound representation on a waveform versus a spectrum?

A

A waveform will tell you if the sound is transient or continuous, a spectrum does not.

70
Q

What is an envelope as it relates to a spectrum?

A

A way of depicting a complex aperiodic sound on a line spectrum, represented by a horizontal line intended to show the various frequencies present in the sound. Also called a ‘continuous spectrum’

71
Q

What is an incident wave?

A

A sound wave, generated by a vibrating source, that may be transmitted, absorbed, reflected, refracted, or diffracted.

CSD101 Speech and Hearing Science (2 decks)

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