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kinesiology > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What branch of mechanics describes motions of the body

A

kinematics

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2
Q

The center of mass of the human body tends to move in what line

A

curvilinear

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3
Q

movement of the body can be described as which two ways

A

active or passive

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4
Q

What are the three planes of motion and how do they divide the body

A

Sagittal: Left and right sides
Frontal (coronal): anterior and posterior
Transverse (horizontal): superior and inferior

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5
Q

Osteokinematics describes what

A

motion of the bones relative to the three planes

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6
Q

The number of independent directions of movement at a joint is referred to as what?

A

Degrees of freedom

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7
Q

The sagittal plane allows what type(s) of joint movement(s)?

A

flexion and extension

Forward/backward bending

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8
Q

The frontal plane allows what type(s) of joint movement(s)?

A

ABduction and ADduction
Lateral flexion
Ulnar and radial deviation
eversion and inversion

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9
Q

The transverse plane allows what type(s) of joint movement(s)?

A

Internal and External rotation

Axial Rotation

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10
Q

What part of the joint has zero body motion?

A

axis of rotation

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11
Q

Accessory motions are defined as

A

slight passive translations that occur in most joints

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12
Q

What are the two perspectives that movement can be described as?

A

Proximal segment can rotate against a fixed distal segment (closed kinetic chain)
Distal segment can rotate against a fixed proximal segment (open kinetic chain)

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13
Q

Arthrokinematics describes what

A

motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of joints

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14
Q

What are the three fundamental movements that can exist between joint surfaces?

A

Roll, slide, and spin

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15
Q

Describe Roll-and-slide movement

A

rolling of its articular surface against another bone’s articular surface and coupled with the sliding of articular surface

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16
Q

describe the spin movement

A

spinning of its articular surface against the articular surface of another bone

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17
Q

Describe the convex-on-concave movement

A

convex segment rolls and slides in opposite directions

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18
Q

Describe the concave-on-convex movement

A

concave segment rolls and slides in similar directions

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19
Q

The position of maximal congruency is referred to as:

A

the joint’s close-packed positions

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20
Q

Accessory motions are _______ in a joint’s close-packed position?

A

minimal

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21
Q

Open(loose)-packed positions are considered to be

A

all positions other than close-packed

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22
Q

Accessory motions are _______ in open-packed position

A

maximal

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23
Q

Kinetics describes what branch of mechanics

A

the effect of forces on the body

24
Q

When is the force zero

A

when the acceleration of the mass is zero

25
Q

What forces are most frequently applied to the musculoskeletal system?

A

tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion, combo loading

26
Q

the stress/strain curve shows what?

A

the amount of force required to deform an excised tissue

27
Q

Viscoelasticity

A

factor of time, causing the stress/strain curve to change

28
Q

creep

A

long, constant stress

i.e. your vertebral discs over the course of day, hence why you are shorter in the evening.

29
Q

Forces produced from structures within the body are referred to as:

A

internal forces

30
Q

Active internal forces are produced by what?

A

muscles under volitional control

31
Q

passive internal forces are produced by what?

A

gravity, or tension in stretched connective tissues

32
Q

What forces occur outside of the body?

A

External forces

33
Q

Line-of-force or line-of-gravity

A

direction of a muscle force and the direction of gravity

34
Q

angle of insertion

A

angle formed between the tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone to which it inserts

35
Q

Gravity acts on what part of the body segment

A

center of mass

36
Q

Joint reaction force

A

force through the center of the joint, produced between surfaces of a joint

37
Q

static linear equilibrium

A

where no movement occurs due to equal forces

38
Q

forces that act at a distance from the axis of rotation produce what?

A

a potential rotation of the joint

39
Q

moment arm

A

distance the force is acting, that causes the torque

40
Q

When internal moment equals the external moment, what happens?

A

no motion or rotation

aka static rotary equilibrium

41
Q

What are the types of muscle activation?

A

concentric, eccentric, and isometric

42
Q

concentric contraction refers to what?

A

the shortening of the muscle fibers

43
Q

eccentric contraction refers to what?

A

the lengthening of muscle fibers

44
Q

isometric contraction refers to what?

A

the fiber lengths do not change

45
Q

biceps vs. triceps is termed as what?

A

agonist vs. antagonist

46
Q

gluteus max + hamstrings is termed what?

A

synergists

47
Q

hip flexors and low back extensor muscles is termed what?

A

force-couple

48
Q

Force-coupling

A

what two or more muscles simultaneously produce forces in different linear directions, although the resulting torque act in same rotary direction (ie turning wheel with two hands)

49
Q

how many musculoskeletal levers are there?

A

three

50
Q

1st class lever

A

axis of rotation is between opposing forces

51
Q

2nd class lever

A

axis of rotation is located at one end of the bone, and the internal force (muscle) has greater leverage than the external force

52
Q

3rd class lever

A

axis of rotation is at one of the bone, and the external force exceeds the internal force

53
Q

what lever is most common

A

third class

54
Q

what is mechanical advantage (MA)

A

a ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm (external force to internal force)

55
Q

why must third class levers always have MA<1

A

The muscle force must produce a force that is much greater than the opposing external force

kinesiology (2 decks)

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