Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is microbiology?
The study of microscopic organisms
What is an animalcule?
A microscopic organism
What is abiogenesis?
Spontaneous generation, animalcules result from fermentation
What is biogenesis?
Animalcules come from other animalcules and causes fermentation
What did Pasteur and Tyndall conclude?
Animalcules are present on dust particles
What happened in the germ theory of fermentation?
Pasteur took grape juice and heated it to get rid of unwanted MOs, added high quality wine and allowed fermentation to occur, then reheated the mixture
Pasteurization
Heating for several minutes to kill unwanted MOs without changing the taste
What was the conclusion of the germ theory of disease?
One kind of microbe causes one disease
What did Koch’s postulates prove?
Proved the causative agent of a disease
Koch’s postulates:Step 1
A specific MO always associated with a given disease
Koch’s postulates:Step 2
MO isolated and grown in pure culture in the lab
Koch’s postulates:Step 3
Pure culture will produce disease
Koch’s postulates:Step 4
Recover the injected MO from experimentally infected organism (re-isolate)
What are the modifications of Koch’s postulates?
- Some diseases are caused by more than one MO
- Viruses and other parasites
- One MO can cause several diseases
What experiment was conducted by Ivanovski?
Tobacco mosaic disease, concluded that MOs are filterable
What disease was founded by Walter Reed?
Yellow fever, found that is was transmitted by mosquitoes
What is Antisepsis?
Measures to prevent infection, was practiced before the germ theory was proven
What did semmelweis study and what did he conclude?
Childbed fever, used chlorine to clean hands of obstetricians.
What did Lister soak surgical dressings in?
Phenol/Carbolic acid
Immunization
Stimulation of the host to develop resistance to a specific disease
What experiment did Jenner run?
Those exposed to cowpox were resistant to small pox
Chicken Cholera experiment
Injected healthy chickens with bacterium believed to be the cause (the culture they used was old), results: no chickens died.
Pasteur then injected healthy chickens and previously injected chicken with a fresh culture of bacterium, results: previously injected chickens stayed alive, others died
What were the key takeaways from the chicken cholera experiment?
Old cultures become avirulent, vaccines are now used.
What was Ehrlich’s magic bullet?
A way to kill unwanted microbes without harming the patient (selective toxicity)
Who looked at different dyes to find causes, while not staining the patient?
Domagk
Penicillin
Fungus founded by Fleming, Florey & Chain. Considered the miracle drug b/c it was made in time for WW2.
What are the 6 fields of microbiology?
Medical, immunology, agriculture, public health, pollution, industry
5 classifications of Microbes
Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, viruses
Carl woese decided to classify organisms based on…
Evolutionary relationships, and genetics. Split into 3 domains: eukarya, bacteria, archaea
Bacteria
Prokaryotic, unicellular, some motile, have cell wall
Protozoa
Eukaryotic, unicellular, ingest food, no cell wall, motile
Fungi
Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, cell wall, absorb dissolved nutrients
Algae
Photosynthetic, eukaryotic, uni or multi cellular, cell wall
Viruses
obligate parasites, small, not cells
