Chapter 1

Question 1

Four Main Parts of a Neuron & their function

Answer 1

Dendrite: receives information
Soma: Integration & Summation
Axon: Conduction*
Axon Terminal: information output

Question 2

Four Main Parts Inside Soma*

Answer 2

Nucleus: contains DNA*
*Mitochondrion: metabolic activities ( energy factory, protein–> ATP)
Ribosomes: Synthesizes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports proteins

Question 3

Sensory Neurons: location and function*

Answer 3

Skin–>Spinal Cord; receive sensory information and relay it to spinal cord*

Question 4

Motor Neurons: location and function*

Answer 4

Spinal Cord; relays information to muscle fibers

Question 5

Ions: Defintion & relation to neural signaling*

Answer 5

Molecules with a + or - charge ;

Question 6

Astrocytes/Astroglia*

Answer 6

Regulates blood flow by dilating blood cells, absorb & release neurotransmitters, synchronize neural activity

Question 7

Microglia*

Answer 7

Originate in Immune System ; detect and destroy harmful particles, cleans up after themselves (tau & amyloid beta plaque)

Question 8

Oligodendrocytes/Oligodendroglia

Answer 8

Myelin Cells in CNS

Question 9

Schwann Cells

Answer 9

Myelin Cells in PNS

Question 10

Radial Glia

Answer 10

Guides Migration of New Neurons

Question 11

Electrostatic Pressure: Definition & Distribution

Answer 11

Opposites Attract; Similars Repel; Equal Distribution

Question 12

Differential/Selective Permeability: Definition* & Distribution

Answer 12

• ; Unequal Distribution

Question 13

Sodium-Potassium Pump: Definition & Distribution

Answer 13

• ; Unequal Distribution (- inside, + outside)

Question 14

Differential/Selective Permeability: Definition* & Distribution

Answer 14

Allows some ions in and excludes others* ; Unequal Distribution

Question 15

Sodium-Potassium Pump: Definition & Distribution

Answer 15

Line entire membrane, takes out 3 Potassium & takes in 2 sodium ; Unequal Distribution (- inside, + outside)

Question 16

Depolarization vs. Hyperpolarization

Answer 16

Depolarization: Excitatory, sodium enters

Hyperpolarization; Inhibitory, potassium leaves

Question 17

All-or-None Law

Answer 17

Always the same size

Question 18

Depolarization vs. Hyperpolarization

Answer 18

Depolarization: more +, more likely to reach threshold
Hyperpolarization: more -, less likely to reach threshold

Question 19

Postsynaptic/Graded Potential vs. Action Potential (where, when, variation in size)

Answer 19

Graded: Dendrite,
Action: Axon,

Question 20

All-or-None Law

Answer 20

Always the same size, threshold must be reached in order to evoke action potential

Question 21

Ligand/Transmitter-Gated Channel vs. Voltage-Gated Channel

Answer 21

Ligand: opened by protein neurotransmitter
Voltage: opened by change in voltage

Question 22

Absolute Refractory Period vs. Relative Refractory Period

Answer 22

Absolute: no amount of stimulation can evoke action potential
Relative: large enough stimulation could evoke action potential

Question 23

Interneurons*

Answer 23

*