Chapter 1 Flashcards
Clinical Psychologist
Must hold a Ph.D. or a Psy.D.; Training includes course work in psychopathology, personality, diagnosis, psychological testing, psychotherapy, and human physiology.
Counseling Psychologist
Academic and internship requirements are similar to those for a clinical psychologist, but with a focus on life adjustment problems rather than mental illness.
Mental health counselor; marriage/ family therapist
Training usually includes a master’s degree in counseling or psychology and many hours of supervised clinical experience.
Psychiatrist
Holds an M.D. degree; can prescribe medication; Completes the 4 years of medical school required for an M.D., and an additional 3 or 4 years of training in psychiatry.
Psychiatric Social Worker
Holds a master’s degree from a social work graduate program; Specializes in assessment, screening, and therapy with high-need clients and outreach to other agencies.
Substance Abuse Counselor
Professional training requirements vary; many practitioners have personal experience with addiction; Works in agencies that specialize in the evaluation and treatment of drug and alcohol addiction
How many adults have a diagnosable mental health condition?
25%
How much does the US spend annually on mental health and substance abuse services?
Over $135 billion a year
What did Szasz (1987) argue about mental illness?
People may have “problems in living,” but not “mental illness.” Three beliefs: (a) that abnormal behavior is so labeled by society because it is different, not necessarily because it reflects illness; (b) that unusual belief systems are not necessarily wrong; and (c) that abnormal behavior is frequently a reflection of something wrong with society rather than with the individual.
What role did Pope Innocent VIII play in the hysteria concerning witchcraft?
Issued a decree in 1484 calling on the clergy to identify and exterminate witches; Resulted in the 1486 publication of the Malleus Maleficarum, which officially confirmed the existence of witches, suggested signs for detecting them (such as red spots on the skin and areas of anesthesia on the body), and methods to force confessions. Confession could be designated as “with” or “without” torture.
Individuals who contributed to the rise of humanism and the reform movement?
Weyer, Pinel, Tuke, Rush, Dix, Beers
Weyer
Published a revolutionary book that challenged the prevailing beliefs about witchcraft; investigated many cases of possession and asserted that many people who were tortured, imprisoned, and burned as witches were mentally disturbed, not possessed by demons; both the church and state severely criticized and banned his book, it helped pave the way for the humanistic perspective on mental illness. With the rise of humanism, a new way of thinking developed if people were “mentally ill” and not possessed, they should be treated as though they were sick. A number of new treatment methods reflected this humanistic spirit.
Pinel
Physician, took charge of la Bicêtre, a hospital for mentally ill men in Paris; Instituted what came to be known as the moral treatment movement, a shift to more humane treatment of people who were mentally disturbed. He removed patients’ chains, replaced dungeons with sunny rooms, encouraged exercise outdoors on the hospital grounds, and treated patients with kindness and reason. Surprising many disbelievers, the freed patients did not become violent; instead, this humane treatment seemed to foster recovery and improve behavior.
Tuke
A prominent Quaker tea merchant, established a retreat at York for the “moral treatment” of mental patients. At this pleasant country estate, the patients worked, prayed, rested, and talked out their problems all in an atmosphere of kindness. This emphasis on moral treatment laid the groundwork for using psychological means to treat mental illness. Resulted in much higher rates of “cure” than other treatments of that time
Which individuals made important contributions to the moral treatment movement.
Benjamin Rush, Dorothea Dix, and Clifford Beers
