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MOD > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Many growth factor pathways are ____? This leads to a concern of what?

A
  1. proto-oncogenes

2. Gain of function mutations –> oncogenes

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2
Q

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

A
  • found in: activated macrophages, salivary glands, keratinocytes, and many more
  • function: mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts; stimulate keratinocyte migration; stimulates formation of granulation tissue
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3
Q

Transforming Growth Factor alpha (TGF-alpha)

A
  • found in: activated macrophages, keratinocytes, and many more
  • function: stimulate proliferation of hepatocytes and many other epithelial cells
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4
Q

What is important about the ERBB2 receptor?

A
  • aka HER2

- over expressed in breast cancer

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5
Q

How are EGF and TGF-alpha related?

A

same family (EGF)

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6
Q

Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)

A
  • found in: platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, SM cells, keratinocytes
  • function: chemotactic for neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, and SM cells; activates/stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts, endothelial, and other cells; stimulates ECM protein synthesis
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7
Q

Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)

A
  • found in: fibroblasts, stromal cells in liver, endothelial cells
  • function: enhances proliferation/survival of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells; increases cell motility/migration
  • acts as morphogen in embryonic development
  • receptor is MET
  • frequently over expressed or mutate din tumors
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8
Q

What GF is often mutated in renal or thyroid papillary cancers?

A

HGF

*MET inhibitors can be a good tx

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9
Q

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

A
  • found in: Mesechymal cells
  • function: stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells; increases vascular permeability

*most types just have letter after name, but PIGF (placental GF) is a VEGF

  • VEGF-A: angiogenic
  • VEGF-B/PIGF: embryonic vessel development
  • VEGF C/D: angiogenic + lymphatic development
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10
Q

Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) (FGF 1 + FGF 2)

A
  • found in: macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, many other types
  • function: chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts; stimulate angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis; respond to wound healing
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11
Q

Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-beta)

A
  • found in: platelet, T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, SM cells, fibroblasts
  • function: chemotactic for leukocytes and fibroblasts; stimulates ECM protein synthesis; suppresses acute inflammation
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12
Q

Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF)

A
  • found in: fibroblasts

- function: stimulates keratinocyte migration, proliferation, and differentiation

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13
Q

What is the most important producer of VEGFs?

A

hypoxia

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14
Q

What GF is the most important for angiogenesis?

A

VEGFR-2

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15
Q

FGF-7 is also referred to as?

A

KGF

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16
Q

Which GF drives scar formation? what else does it do?

A
  • TGF-beta - it stimulates production of collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans; and it inhibits collagen degradation by decreasing MMPs and increasing TIMPs
  • stops inflammation; drive fibrosis in lung, liver, and kidney in setting of chronic inflammation
17
Q

What synthesizes interstitial matrix?

A

Mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts

18
Q

What are the three groups of proteins that comprise the ECM? Their function?

A
  1. Fibrous structural: collagen, elastin; confer tensile strength and recoil
  2. Water-hydrated gels: proteoglycans and hyaluronan; permit compressive resistance and lubrication
  3. Adhesive glycoprotein: connect ECM to other ECM/cells
19
Q

Collagen synthesis depends on what?

A

vitamin C

MOD (10 decks)

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