Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of Internal and External structures of the body and the physical relations among the body parts.
Physiology
Study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Physiological Mechanisms
They can be explained only understanding Anatomy.
Microscopic Anatomy
Structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
Light Microscope
Basic details for cell structures.
Electronic Microscope
Individual molecules, few nanometers.
Micro anatomy includes
Cytology & Histology
Cytology
Analysis of the structure of individuals cells.
Histology
Anatomy of the tissues
Gross Anatomy (macroscopic)
Involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye.
Surface Anatomy
Study the form and superficial markings.
Regional Anatomy
Focuses on specific areas (neck, trunk, head)
Systemic Anatomy
Study of the structure of organ systems, which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner.
Developmental Anatomy
Describe changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity.
Embryology
The science dealing with the formation, development, structure and functional activities of embryos.
CELLS
- Simplest units of life
- Consists of chemical substances in combination Atoms combine to form molecules with complex shapes and different functions
TISSUES
- Collection of specialized and cell products that work together to perform specific functions.
- Tissues combine to form Organs.
ORGANS
- Consist of two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions
- Groups of organs interacting to perform specific functions form Organ Systems.
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Cells form tissues—> Tissues for organs—> Different organs form systems.
Integumentary System: Components
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
Integumentary System: Functions
- Protects against environmental hazards.
- Helps regulate body temperature.
- Provides sensory information.
Skeletal System: Components
- Bones
- Cartilages
- Ligaments
- Bone marrow (hemotopoiosis: blood cell production)
Skeletal System: Functions
- Provides support and protection for other tissues.
- Stores calcium and other minerals.
- Forms blood cells.
Muscular System: Components
- Muscle
- Tendons (are attached to bones)
Muscular Systems: Functions
- Provides movement
- Provides Protection and support for other tissues
- Generates heat that maintains body temperature
Nervous System: Components
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Peripheral nerves
- Sense organs
Nervous System: Functions
- Directs immediate responses to stimuli
- Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
- Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.
Endocrine System: Components
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal glands
- Gonads
- Endocrine tissues in other systems
Endocrine System: Functions
- Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems
- Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
- Controls many structural and functional changes during development
Cardiovascular System: Components
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system: Functions
- Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
- Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.
Lymphatic System: Components
- Spleen
- Thymus
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymph nodes
- Tonsils
Lymphatic system: Functions
- Defends against infection and diseases.
- Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
Respiratory system: Components
- Nasal cavities
- Sinuses
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Alveoli
Respiratory System: Functions
- Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occur)
- Provides oxygen to bloodstream
- Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
- Produces sounds for communication
Digestive system: Components
- Teeth. -Small Intestine
- Tongue. -Large Intestine
- Pharynx. -Liver
- Esophagus. -Gallbladder
- Stomach. -Pancreas
Digestive system: Functions
- Processes and digests food
- Absorbs and conserves water
- Absorbs nutrients
- Stores energy reserves
Urinary System: Components
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Urinary System: Functions
- Excretes waste products from the blood
- Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
- Stores urine prior to voluntarily elimination
- Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Male Reproductive System: Components
- Testes
- Epididymides
- Ductus deferentia
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Penis
- Scrotum
Male Reproductive System: Functions
- Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones.
- Sexual intercourse
Female Reproductive System: Components
- Ovaries
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Labia
- Clitoris
- Mammary glands
Female Reproductive System: Functions
- Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
- Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
- Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
- Sexual intercourse
Pathological Anatomy
Anatomical features that change during illness
Systemic physiology
Includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems.
EX: Cardiovascular physiology, reproductive physiology
Function of body cavities
1-They protect delicate organs from shock and impacts
2-They permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.
Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
- appears early in embryological development.
- Contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
- Subdivided into 3 chambers within the Thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity.
Viscera
-The internal organs that are partially or completely enclosed by these cavities.
Serous membrane
A delicate layer that lines the walls of these internal cavities and covers the surfaces of the enclosed viscera.
Serous membrane that covers the lungs
- pleura.
- Visceral pleura: covers the outer surfaces of a lung.
- Parietal pleura: covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body wall.
Serous membrane that covers the heart
Pericardium
Serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs
Peritoneum
The two major cavities are:
Ventral and Dorsal cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Contains the lungs and the heart; associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems; the inferior portions of the esophagus; and the thymus.
Abdominal Cavity
Extends from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to the level of superior margins of the pelvis. Contains the liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine and most of the large intestine.
Pelvic Cavity
Contains the urinary bladder, various reproductive organs and the distal portion of the large intestine.
Females: Ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus.
Males: Prostate gland and seminal glands.
Mediastinum
Consists of a mass connective tissue that surrounds, stabilizes and supports the esophagus, trachea and thymus, as well as the major blood vessels that originate or end at the heart.
Also contains the pericardial cavity.
Diaphragm
Seperates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominopelvic region lines of interception
2 vertical lines: midpoint of the clavicles
2 horizontal lines: at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine
Abdominal Quadrants lines of interception
Formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilicus (navel)
Positive feedback
An initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it.
Ex: pregnant woman during delivery creating more oxytocin.
Negative feedback
It is a corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes , negates a, variation from normal limits.
Ex: not too hot not too cold
The integrating center that regulates body temperature is the
Hypothalamus
Which system directs long term responses to change?
Endocrine System
Which system produces a more rapid response?
Nervous system
Central principle of physiology
To maintain Homeostasis.
Homeostasis
Refers to the existence of a stable environment and maintaining internal stability. Failure to maintain homeostasis can lead to disease and death.
Three parts of the homeostatic regulatory mechanism
Receptor, Control center, Effector
Receptor
A sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change. Ex: Thermometer
Control Center (integration center)
Receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands. Ex: Thermostat
Effector
A cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus. Ex: Air conditioner turns on.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
An imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to portray subtle structural differences
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
An imaging technique that shows the chemical functioning, as well as the structure, of an organ
Spiral CT
A method of processing computerized tomography data to provide rapid, three-dimensional images of internal organs
Ultrasound
An imaging technique that uses brief bursts of high-frequency sound waves reflected by internal structures.
X-rays
High-energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues.
