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Anatomy & Physiology CH. 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of Internal and External structures of the body and the physical relations among the body parts.

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

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3
Q

Physiological Mechanisms

A

They can be explained only understanding Anatomy.

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4
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Structures that cannot be seen without magnification.

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5
Q

Light Microscope

A

Basic details for cell structures.

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6
Q

Electronic Microscope

A

Individual molecules, few nanometers.

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7
Q

Micro anatomy includes

A

Cytology & Histology

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8
Q

Cytology

A

Analysis of the structure of individuals cells.

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9
Q

Histology

A

Anatomy of the tissues

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10
Q

Gross Anatomy (macroscopic)

A

Involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye.

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11
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Study the form and superficial markings.

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12
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Focuses on specific areas (neck, trunk, head)

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13
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of organ systems, which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner.

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14
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Describe changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity.

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15
Q

Embryology

A

The science dealing with the formation, development, structure and functional activities of embryos.

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16
Q

CELLS

A
  • Simplest units of life
  • Consists of chemical substances in combination Atoms combine to form molecules with complex shapes and different functions
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17
Q

TISSUES

A
  • Collection of specialized and cell products that work together to perform specific functions.
  • Tissues combine to form Organs.
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18
Q

ORGANS

A
  • Consist of two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions
  • Groups of organs interacting to perform specific functions form Organ Systems.
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19
Q

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

A

Cells form tissues—> Tissues for organs—> Different organs form systems.

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20
Q

Integumentary System: Components

A
  • skin
  • hair
  • nails
  • sweat glands
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21
Q

Integumentary System: Functions

A
  • Protects against environmental hazards.
  • Helps regulate body temperature.
  • Provides sensory information.
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22
Q

Skeletal System: Components

A
  • Bones
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments
  • Bone marrow (hemotopoiosis: blood cell production)
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23
Q

Skeletal System: Functions

A
  • Provides support and protection for other tissues.
  • Stores calcium and other minerals.
  • Forms blood cells.
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24
Q

Muscular System: Components

A
  • Muscle

- Tendons (are attached to bones)

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25
Q

Muscular Systems: Functions

A
  • Provides movement
  • Provides Protection and support for other tissues
  • Generates heat that maintains body temperature
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26
Q

Nervous System: Components

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
  • Peripheral nerves
  • Sense organs
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27
Q

Nervous System: Functions

A
  • Directs immediate responses to stimuli
  • Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
  • Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.
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28
Q

Endocrine System: Components

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal glands
  • Gonads
  • Endocrine tissues in other systems
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29
Q

Endocrine System: Functions

A
  • Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems
  • Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
  • Controls many structural and functional changes during development
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30
Q

Cardiovascular System: Components

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
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31
Q

Cardiovascular system: Functions

A
  • Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
  • Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.
32
Q

Lymphatic System: Components

A
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils
33
Q

Lymphatic system: Functions

A
  • Defends against infection and diseases.

- Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.

34
Q

Respiratory system: Components

A
  • Nasal cavities
  • Sinuses
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Alveoli
35
Q

Respiratory System: Functions

A
  • Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occur)
  • Provides oxygen to bloodstream
  • Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
  • Produces sounds for communication
36
Q

Digestive system: Components

A
  • Teeth. -Small Intestine
  • Tongue. -Large Intestine
  • Pharynx. -Liver
  • Esophagus. -Gallbladder
  • Stomach. -Pancreas
37
Q

Digestive system: Functions

A
  • Processes and digests food
  • Absorbs and conserves water
  • Absorbs nutrients
  • Stores energy reserves
38
Q

Urinary System: Components

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
39
Q

Urinary System: Functions

A
  • Excretes waste products from the blood
  • Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
  • Stores urine prior to voluntarily elimination
  • Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
40
Q

Male Reproductive System: Components

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymides
  • Ductus deferentia
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Penis
  • Scrotum
41
Q

Male Reproductive System: Functions

A
  • Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones.
  • Sexual intercourse
42
Q

Female Reproductive System: Components

A
  • Ovaries
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Labia
  • Clitoris
  • Mammary glands
43
Q

Female Reproductive System: Functions

A
  • Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
  • Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
  • Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
  • Sexual intercourse
44
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

Anatomical features that change during illness

45
Q

Systemic physiology

A

Includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems.
EX: Cardiovascular physiology, reproductive physiology

46
Q

Function of body cavities

A

1-They protect delicate organs from shock and impacts

2-They permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.

47
Q

Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)

A
  • appears early in embryological development.
  • Contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
  • Subdivided into 3 chambers within the Thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity.
48
Q

Viscera

A

-The internal organs that are partially or completely enclosed by these cavities.

49
Q

Serous membrane

A

A delicate layer that lines the walls of these internal cavities and covers the surfaces of the enclosed viscera.

50
Q

Serous membrane that covers the lungs

A
  • pleura.
  • Visceral pleura: covers the outer surfaces of a lung.
  • Parietal pleura: covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body wall.
51
Q

Serous membrane that covers the heart

A

Pericardium

52
Q

Serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs

A

Peritoneum

53
Q

The two major cavities are:

A

Ventral and Dorsal cavities

54
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Contains the lungs and the heart; associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems; the inferior portions of the esophagus; and the thymus.

55
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Extends from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to the level of superior margins of the pelvis. Contains the liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine and most of the large intestine.

56
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Contains the urinary bladder, various reproductive organs and the distal portion of the large intestine.
Females: Ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus.
Males: Prostate gland and seminal glands.

57
Q

Mediastinum

A

Consists of a mass connective tissue that surrounds, stabilizes and supports the esophagus, trachea and thymus, as well as the major blood vessels that originate or end at the heart.
Also contains the pericardial cavity.

58
Q

Diaphragm

A

Seperates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic Cavity

59
Q

Abdominopelvic region lines of interception

A

2 vertical lines: midpoint of the clavicles

2 horizontal lines: at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine

60
Q

Abdominal Quadrants lines of interception

A

Formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilicus (navel)

61
Q

Positive feedback

A

An initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it.
Ex: pregnant woman during delivery creating more oxytocin.

62
Q

Negative feedback

A

It is a corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes , negates a, variation from normal limits.
Ex: not too hot not too cold

63
Q

The integrating center that regulates body temperature is the

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

Which system directs long term responses to change?

A

Endocrine System

65
Q

Which system produces a more rapid response?

A

Nervous system

66
Q

Central principle of physiology

A

To maintain Homeostasis.

67
Q

Homeostasis

A

Refers to the existence of a stable environment and maintaining internal stability. Failure to maintain homeostasis can lead to disease and death.

68
Q

Three parts of the homeostatic regulatory mechanism

A

Receptor, Control center, Effector

69
Q

Receptor

A

A sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change. Ex: Thermometer

70
Q

Control Center (integration center)

A

Receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands. Ex: Thermostat

71
Q

Effector

A

A cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus. Ex: Air conditioner turns on.

72
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

An imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to portray subtle structural differences

73
Q

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

A

An imaging technique that shows the chemical functioning, as well as the structure, of an organ

74
Q

Spiral CT

A

A method of processing computerized tomography data to provide rapid, three-dimensional images of internal organs

75
Q

Ultrasound

A

An imaging technique that uses brief bursts of high-frequency sound waves reflected by internal structures.

76
Q

X-rays

A

High-energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues.

Anatomy & Physiology CH. 1 (3 decks)

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