Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology CH. 1 > Anatomy & Physiology CH. 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology CH. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The basic structural and functional unit of the human body is

A

Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The smallest living unit within the human body is

A

The cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The study of the structure of individual cells is called

A

Cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of cells in the human body

A

Sex cells: -Sperm(male)
-Oocyte(female)
Somatic cells: all other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The fluid medium inside the cell is called

A

The cytoplasm (15-30% of the weight of the cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid part within the cytoplasm
Consistence: Maple syrup or Gel
Distributed materials by DIFFUSION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organelles

A

Internal structure that perform most of the tasks that keep a cell alive and functioning normally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The watery medium that surrounds a cell is called

A

Extra cellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The principle cations in our body fluids are __ and __

A

Potassium (higher concentration)

Sodium (lower concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do we find a higher concentration of proteins?

A

In the intracellular fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Extra cellular fluid

A

Considered a transport medium only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two other name for cell membrane

A

Plasma membrane

Cell wall?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of the cell membrane

A
  • Physical Isolation
  • Regulation of exchange with the environment (entrance/exit)
  • Sensitivity to the environment
  • Structural support
  • Protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Membranous organelles

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (RER, SER)
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosome
  • Peroxisome
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Non-membranous organelles

A
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
  • Centrioles
  • Ribosomes
  • Proteasomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osmosis

A

It is the diffusion of water across the membrane in response to difference in solute concentration.
Water moves from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Facilitated Diffusion (passive transport)

A
  • Essential nutrients (glucose and amino acids are insoluble lipids) are too large to fit through membrane channels. They are passively transported across the membrane by carrier proteins.
  • The molecule to be transported must first bind to a receptor site on the carrier protein.
  • THE SHAPE OF THE PROTEINS CHANGES MOVING THE MOLECULE ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE.
  • THE MOLECULE IS RELEASED INTO THE CYTOPLASM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carrier mediated transport

A
  • Requires INTEGRAL PROTEINS that bind specific IONS OR ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
    • Cary them across the cell membrane
  • Can be Passive or Active
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Hypo means below
- Solute concentration is lower than inside the cell
- The water will flow into the Cell
- The cell may rupture releasing its contents
- WE call this HEMOLYSIS
example: HEMO = BLOOD + LYSIS = DISSOLUTION
-A solution that contains Lower Osmotic Pressure than the Cytoplasm
of the Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A
  • Solute concentration is higher than inside the cell
    • Movement of water out of the Cell. The Cell will lose water
    • When the Red Blood cell Shrinks (DEHYDRATION )
    • This process is known as CRENATION
    • A solution that contains higher Osmotic Pressure than the Cytoplasm of the Cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Iso means Equal

  • Fluid around the cells is usually Isotonic
  • Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell
  • No movement of water into or out of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Endocytosis

A

It is the movement into the Cell(Active process)
3 FORMS-Receptor mediated
-Pinocytosis
-Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Exocytosis

A

It is the ejection of material from the Cytoplasm
Example:
- Mucins
- Hormones or
- Waste products
-It is a method found in cells , lining capillaries which use a combination of Pinocytosis and Exoxytosis to transfer Fluid and Solutes from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Types of vesicular transport

A
  • Exocytosis

- Endocytosis

25
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • Formation of Endosomes filled with Extra Cellular Fluid

- No receptor proteins

26
Q

Mitosis

A
  • IS THE PROCESS THAT SEPARATES THE DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES OF A CELL INTO TWO IDENTICAL NUCLEI

-IT REFERS TO THE DIVISION AND DUPLICATION OF THE
CELL’S NUCLEUS

27
Q

Meiosis

A

Production of sex cells

28
Q

Diffusion

A 
It is the random movement of Ions and Molecules
 FROM : Areas of HIGHER  concentration
 TO:  Areas of  LOWER  concentration
Until the gradient is eliminated  
It is Passive
29
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes: mocrofilament and microtubule

Function: strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials

30
Q

Microvilli

A

Membrane extensions containing microfilaments

Function: increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

31
Q

Cilia

A

Membrane extension containing microtubules

Function: movement of material across cell surface

32
Q

Centriole

A

Cytoplasm contains 2 centrioles
Each centriole composed of 9 microtubules

Function: organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton, essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division, form the mitosis spindle during cell division.

33
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA + protein
Two types:
Fixed: bound to RER
Free: scattered in cytoplasm

Function: protein synthesis

34
Q

Proteasomes

A

Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes

Function: breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins. Disposal of damaged proteins

35
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm

Function: synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport

36
Q

RER

A

With ribosomes bound to membranes

Function: modification and packing of new synthesized proteins

37
Q

SER

A

Without ribosomes

Function: synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

38
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacks of flattened membranes, chambers

Function: storage and modification of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes.

39
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes

Function: intracellular removal of damages pathogens and organelles

40
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Vesicles contains degradative enzymes
Produced by subdivision of existing peroxisomes

Function: break down fatty acids and other organic compounds, generate hydrogen peroxide, neutralization of toxic compounds during catabolism.

41
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane with an inner fold (cristae)
containing metabolic enzymes .
- The crista increases the surface area exposed to the fluid content (Matrix)
- Enzymes inside the matrix catalyze reactions to provide energy.

Function: To produce ATP (95 %) of the total required by the Cell

         Cells with Large # of mitochondria have a high energy demand
42
Q

Nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope.
Largest structure int he cell
Only organelle visible under microscope
Most cells have single nucleus

Function: control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic info; controls of protein synthesis

43
Q

All animal cells capable of undergoing cell division contain a pair of ___ . The centrioles consist of short microtubules. During the cell division the centrioles form the spindle apparatus associated with the movement of ___ .

A

Centrioles, DNA strands

44
Q

Crenation

A

Cellular shrinkage due to an osmotic movement of water out of the cytoplasm
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
- Solute concentration is higher than inside the cell
- Movement of water out of the Cell. The Cell will lose water
- When the Red Blood cell Shrinks (DEHYDRATION )
- This process is known as CRENATION

45
Q

Hemolysis

A

The breakdown of red blood cells
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION - Hypo means below
- Solute concentration is lower than inside the cell
- The water will flow into the Cell
- The cell may rupture releasing its contents
- WE call this HEMOLYSIS
example: HEMO = BLOOD + LYSIS = DISSOLUTION

46
Q

Interphase

A

THE CELL PERFORMS ALL ITS NORMAL FUNCTIONS
IT PREPARES FOR CELL DIVISION

- THE CELL EXPEND THE MAJORITY OF THEIR LIVES IN INTERPHASE
 - DUPLICATION OF ORGANELLES
 - PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 - COPY OF GENETIC INFORMATION IN THE NUCLEUS
47
Q

Apoptosis

A

IS THE GENETICALLY CONTROLLED DEATH OF THE CELLS

48
Q

Mitosis is to somatic cell as meiosis is to _____

A

Sex cells

49
Q

Cytokinesis

A

DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM TO FORM

TWO IDENTICAL DAUGTER CELLS

50
Q

Prophase

A

THE CHROMOSOMES ARE VISIBLE (2 COPIES OF EACH CHROMOSOMES) OR CHROMATIDS

● THE NUCLEOLI DISAPPEAR (PROMETAPHASE)

● THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISSAPEARS

● THE SPINDLE FIBERS APPEAR

51
Q

Metaphase

A

IT BEGINS WHEN THE CHROMATIDS MOVE TO A NARROW ZONE CALLED THE METAPHASE PLATE

●IT ENDS WHEN THE CHROMATIDS ARE ALIGNED IN THE PLANE OF THE METAPHASE PLATE

52
Q

Anaphase

A

●IT BEGINS WHEN THE CENTROMERE OF EACH CHROMATID SPLITS AND THE CHROMATID SEPARATES

●2 DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES TO THE OPOSITE ENDS
OF THE CELLS ALONG THE CHROMOSOMAL
MICROTUBULES

●IT ENDS WHEN THE DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES ARRIVE NEAR THE CENTRIOLES AT OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL

53
Q

Telophase

A

●EACH CELL PREPARES TO RETURN TO THE INTERPHASE STATE

●THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANES REAPPEARS

●THE CHROMOSOMES UNCOIL

●THE CHROMOSOMES RELAX, THE NUCLEOLI REAPPEARS & THE NUCLEI RESEMBLES THOSE OF INTERPHASE

●THIS IS THE END OF THE MITOSIS

54
Q

Phagocytosis

A

CELL EATING or (PSEUDOPODIA)

           - It is the cell eating mechanism
           - It surrounds the object & their membrane fuse to form a vesicle
           - It is performed by specialized cells Ex : MACROPHAGES
55
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Active process cause requires energy in form of ATP

Also known as bulk transport

Materials move into or out of the cell in vesicles

2 types: endocytosis, exocytosis

56
Q

CHROMATIN

A

ARE THE CHROMOSOMES IN NON DIVIDING

CELL ( IT IS A TANGLE OF FILAMENTS)

57
Q

MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES

A

ACCOUNT FOR 3% OF THE WEIGHT OF A PLASMA MEMBRANE

58
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Functions:
Lubrication and protection
Anchoring and locomotion
Recognition

59
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Functions:
ANCHORING PROT- Attach the membrane to other structures .
- Stabilize its position

RECOGNITION PROT - Example: Glycoproteins

ENZYMES - Integral or Peripheral proteins
- They catalyze reactions, example: peptides to aminoacids

RECEPTOR PROT- Sensitive to specific Ligands in Extra Cellular Fluid

CARRIER PROT- They bind solutes & transport them across the cell membrane

CHANNELS PROT- They are INTEGRAL Proteins
with a pore or passageway (NA, K & CA Channels)

Anatomy & Physiology CH. 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions