Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the 4 basic tenets of the cell theory?

Answer 1

All living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic functional unit of life, cells arise only from preexisting cells, and cells cary genetic information (DNA)

Question 2

What are lysosomes?

Answer 2

Structures that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can breakdown substances that have been engulfed or cellular waste products.

Question 3

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 3

Structures that contain hydrogen peroxide than break down fatty acid chains via beta-oxidation

Question 4

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 4

microtubules (tubulin), microfilaments (actin), and intermediate filaments (keratin, design, etc.)

Question 5

What are the two prokaryotic domains?

Answer 5

Archaea and bacteria

Question 6

In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria?

Answer 6

Both are single celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, contain a single circular chromosome, and divide by binary fission

Question 7

In what ways are archaea similar to eukaryotes?

Answer 7

Translations starts with MET, they both contain similar RNA polymerases, and their DNA is associated with histones

Question 8

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

Answer 8

Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid and contain no outer membrane. Gram negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan but have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids

Question 9

What are the 4 forms of bacterial genetic recombination ?

Answer 9

transformation (integration of foreign genetic information), conjugation (sexual reproduction), transduction (capturing host DNA and transferring it to another bacteria), and transposons (genetic elements that can insert and remove themselves from genome)

Question 10

What are the 4 phases of the bacteria growth curve?

Answer 10

Lag, Log/exponential, stationary, and death phases

Question 11

What is the difference between negative and positive sense RNA?

Answer 11

Postive RNA can be directly translated by ribosomes, and negative RNA requires the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand (RNA replicase)

Question 12

Lytic Cycle

Answer 12

Occurs when a bacteria becomes infected with a virus. The virus replicates and eventually burst, exposing the newly replicated virus

Question 13

Lysogenic Cycle

Answer 13

Occurs when a virus (prophage) enters a bacteria and becomes a part of the genome. It will replicate with the bacteria cell