Chapter 1

Question 1

Explicit instruction

Answer 1

Systematic instruction of concepts strategies and skills that builds from simple to complex

Question 2

Schemas

Answer 2

A cognitive structure or mental file

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

A piagetian process in which learners modify or incorporate new information and experiences into existing schemas

Question 4

Accommodation

Answer 4

Piagetian process in which learners create schemas because of new information or experiences

Question 5

Self efficacy

Answer 5

Students belief in their capability to succeed and reach their goals. Students who have self efficacy are more likely to be higher achieving readers and writers

Question 6

Zone of proximal development

Answer 6

Distance between students actual level and their potential developmental level that can be reached by scaffolding by the teacher or classmates

Question 7

Critical literacy

Answer 7

An instructional approach in which students read texts to understand issues of power inequality and justice and they’re empowered through social action projects

Question 8

Meta cognition

Answer 8

Students awareness of their own thinking and learning processes

Question 9

Phonemes

Answer 9

A sound. It’s represented in print with slashes

Question 10

Graphemes

Answer 10

A written representation of sound using one or more letters

Question 11

Phonics

Answer 11

Predictable relationships between phonemes and graphemes

Question 12

Grammar

Answer 12

The structure of language that is, how words form to combine to form sentences

Question 13

Syntax

Answer 13

The structural system of language or grammar

Question 14

Morphemes

Answer 14

The smallest meaningful part of words: sometimes it’s a word and sometimes it isn’t a whole word

Question 15

Free morphemes

Answer 15

A morpheme that can stand alone as a word

Question 16

Bound morphemes

Answer 16

A morpheme that isn’t a word and can’t stand alone

Question 17

Compound words

Answer 17

Is new word formed with 2 or more words that has ya own meaning. It can be spelled as one word joined together with a hyphen or spelled as separate words. Ex: makeup newspaper upside down mother in law high school police officer

Question 18

Pragmatics

Answer 18

The social use system of language

Question 19

Dialects

Answer 19

A variety of languages

Question 20

Standard English

Answer 20

The variety of English that’s the model for educated users

Question 21

Non standard English

Answer 21

A dialect of English other than standard English

Question 22

Balanced approach

Answer 22

An approach to literacy instruction in which teachers integrate instructions with authentic reading and writing experiences

Question 23

Literacy

Answer 23

The ability to read and write

Question 24

Reading

Answer 24

The second stage of the reading process in which readers read the text for the first time using independent reading shared reading or guided reading of by listening to it read aloud. Also, the complex process of understanding written text

Question 25

Common core standards

Answer 25

An initiative that describes what American K12 students should learn in language arts and math at each grade level. The goal is to ensure that students graduating from high school are prepared for college or the workforce

Question 26

Phonological awareness

Answer 26

The ability to identify and manipulate phonemes onset’s and rimes and syllables it includes phonemic awareness

Question 27

Fluency

Answer 27

Reading smoothly quickly and with expression

Question 28

Writing process

Answer 28

The process in which students use prewriting drafting revising, editing and publishing to develop and refine a composition

Question 29

Scaffold

Answer 29

The support a teacher provides to students as they read and write

Question 30

Basal readers

Answer 30

Reading textbooks that are leveled according to grade

Question 31

Assessment

Answer 31

An ongoing process to monitor growth diagnose problems and improve learning in contrast, evaluation is used at the end of instruction to make judgements and determine quality against a set of standards

Question 32

Background knowledge

Answer 32

A students knowledge of previous experiences about a topic

Question 33

High stakes tests

Answer 33

Standardized achievement tests that are administered with the knowledge that important funding placement graduation are riding on the result