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Thermodynamics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The science of energy

A

Thermodynamics

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2
Q

The ability to cause changes

A

Energy

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3
Q

The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words…

A

Therme(heat) and dynamis(power)

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4
Q

Conservation of energy principle

A

During an interaction, energy can change from one form to another but the total amount of energy remains constant

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5
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms

Asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property

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6
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy

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7
Q

A macroscopic approach to the study of thermodynamics that does not require a knowledge of the behavior of individual particles

A

Classical thermodynamics

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8
Q

A microscopic approach, based on the average behavior of large groups of individual particles

A

Statistical thermodynamics

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9
Q

Any physical quantity can be characterized by ______

A

Dimensions

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10
Q

The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called _____

A

Units

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11
Q

Primary or fundamental dimensions

A

Mass (m)
Length (L)
Time (t)
Temperature (T)

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12
Q

Second dimensions or derived dimensions

A

Expressed in terms of the primary dimensions

Velocity (V)
Energy (E)
Volume (V)

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13
Q

A simple and logical system based on a decimal relationship between the various units

A

Metric SI system

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14
Q

It has no apparent systematic numerical base, and various units in this system are related to each other rather arbitrarily

A

English system

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15
Q

Length

A

Meter (m)

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16
Q

Mass

A

Kilogram (kg)

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17
Q

Time

A

Second (s)

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18
Q

Temperature

A

Kelvin (K)

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19
Q

Electric current

A

Ampere (A)

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20
Q

Amount of light

A

Candela (cd)

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21
Q

Amount of matter

A

Mole (mol)

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22
Q

Specific weight

A

The weight of a unit volume of a substance

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23
Q

A typical match yields about ____ of energy if completely burned

A

One Btu or one kJ

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24
Q

Dimensional homogeneity

A

All equations must be dimensionally homogenous

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25
Q

Unity conversion ratios

A

Identically equal to 1, unitless

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26
Q

A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study

A

System

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27
Q

The mass or region outside the system

A

Surroundings

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28
Q

The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings

A

Boundary

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29
Q

The boundary of a system can be

A

Fixed or movable

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30
Q

Systems may be considered to be

A

Closed or open

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31
Q

Closed system (control mass)

A

A fixed amount of mass

No mass can cross its boundary (but energy can)

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32
Q

Open system (control volume)

A

A properly selected region in space

Usually encloses a device that involves mass flow - compressor, turbine, nozzle

Mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume

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33
Q

The boundaries of a control volume. It can involve fixed, moving, real or imaginary boundaries.

A

Control surface

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34
Q

Any characteristic of a system

A

Property - intensive or extensive

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35
Q

Intensive properties

A

Those that are independent of the mass of a system

Temperature, pressure, density

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36
Q

Extensive properties

A

Those whose values depend on the size - or extent - of the system

Mass, volume

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37
Q

Extensive properties per unit mass

A

Specific properties

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38
Q

Made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase

A

Matter

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39
Q

Viewing substances as a continuous, homogenous matter with no holes

A

Continuum

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40
Q

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard substance at a specified temperature (usually water at 4 degrees C)

A

Specific gravity

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41
Q

The weight of a unit volume of a substance

A

Specific weight

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42
Q

Mass per unit volume

A

Density

43
Q

Volume per unit mass

A

Specific volume

44
Q

Thermodynamics deals with _____ states

A

Equilibrium

45
Q

A state of balance

A

Equlibrium

46
Q

In an equilibrium state…

A

There are no unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the system

47
Q

If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system

A

Thermal equilibrium

48
Q

If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time

A

Mechanical equilibrium

49
Q

If a system involves two phases and when the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there

A

Phase equilibrium

50
Q

If the chemical composition of a system does not change with time, that is, no chemical reactions occur

A

Chemical equilibrium

51
Q

The number of properties required to fix the state of a system is given by the ____

A

State postulate

52
Q

State postulate

A

The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties

53
Q

If a system involves no electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion, and surface tension effects

A

Simple compressible system

54
Q

Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another

A

Process

55
Q

The series of states through which a system passes during a process

A

Path

56
Q

To describe a process completely

A

One should specify the initial and final states, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings

57
Q

When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium states at all times

A

Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process

58
Q

Often used to designate a process for which a particular property remains constant

A

Iso-

59
Q

A process during which the temperature T remains constant

A

Isothermal process

60
Q

A process during which the pressure P remains constant

A

Isobaric process

61
Q

A process during which the specific volume V remains constant

A

Isochoric (or isometric) process

62
Q

A process during which the initial and final states are identical

A

Cycle

63
Q

No change with time

A

Steady

64
Q

Opposite of steady

A

Unsteady, transient

65
Q

A large number of engineering devices operate for long periods of time under the same conditions, and they are classified as

A

Steady-flow devices

66
Q

A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily

A

Steady-flow process

67
Q

Can be closely approximated by devices that are intended for continuous operation

A

Steady-flow conditions

68
Q

Devices that are intended for continuous operation

A

Turbines, pumps, boilers, condensers, heat exchangers, power plants, refrigeration system

69
Q

During a steady-flow process, fluid properties within the control volume…

A

May change with position but not with time

70
Q

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass and energy contents of a control volume…

A

Remain constant

71
Q

The zeroth law of thermodynamics

A

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other

72
Q

By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can be restated as…

A

Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading even if they are not in contact

73
Q

A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air saturated with vapor at 1 atm pressure

A

Ice point

74
Q

Ice point value

A

0 degrees C

32 degrees F

75
Q

A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no air) in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure

A

Steam point

76
Q

Steam point value

A

100 degrees C

212 degrees F

77
Q

Celsius scale

A

in SI unit system

78
Q

Fahrenheit scale

A

In English unit system

79
Q

A temperature scale that is independent of the properties of any substance

A

Thermodynamic temperature scale

80
Q

Kelvin scale

A

SI

81
Q

Rankine scale

A

E

82
Q

A temperature scale nearly identical to the Kelvin scale is the

A

Ideal-gas temperature scale

83
Q

The temperatures on the ideal-gas temperature scale are measured using a

A

Constant-volume gas thermometer

84
Q

The reference temperature in the original Kelvin scale was the _____

A

Ice point, 273.15K

85
Q

The state at which all three phases of water coexist in equilibrium

A

Triple point of water, 273.16K

86
Q

Steam point in ITS-90

A

99.975 degrees C

87
Q

Steam point in IPTS-68

A

100 degrees C

88
Q

A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area

A

Pressure

89
Q

The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured relative to abosolute vacuum

A

Absolute pressure

90
Q

The difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure

A

Gage pressure

91
Q

Pressures below atmospheric pressure

A

Vacuum pressures

92
Q

The pressure of a fluid at rest

A

Increases with depth (as a result of added weight)

93
Q

In a room filled with gas, the variation of pressure with height is

A

Negligible

94
Q

Pressure in a liquid at rest ____ with distance from the free surface

A

Increases linearly

95
Q

The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount

A

Pascal’s law

96
Q

Ideal mechanical advantage of the hydraulic lift

A

The area ratio A2/A1

97
Q

Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a

A

Barometer

98
Q

Atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the

A

Barometric pressure

99
Q

Pressure produces by a column of mercury 760mm in height at 0 degrees C under standard gravitational acceleration

A

Standard atmosphere

100
Q

Used to measure small and moderate pressure differences

A

Manometer

101
Q

Consists of a hollow metal tube bent like a hook whose end is closed and connected to a dial indicator needle

A

Bourdon tube

102
Q

Use various techniques to convert the pressure effect to an electrical effects such as a change in voltage, resistance, or capacitance

A

Pressure transducers - smaller and faster, more sensitive and reliable and precise

103
Q

Work by having a diaphragm deflect between two chambers open to the pressure inputs

A

Strain-gage pressure transducers

104
Q

Also called solid-state pressure transducers, work on the principle that an electric potential is generated in a crystalline substance when it is subjected to mechanical pressure

A

Piezoelectric transducers

Thermodynamics (11 decks)

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