Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are biological molecules?
Biological molecules are the basic molecules that ultimately make up all living organisms.
What bonds hold biological molecules together?
Ionic, Covalent, Disulphide, and Hydrogen
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A reaction that breaks down molecules.
What is a condensation reaction?
A reaction that joins molecules.
What is the role of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Energy source (respiration) Energy store (starch in plants) Structure component (cellulose in plant cells)
Approximately how much of the cell do carbohydrates make up?
10% of the cell’s organic matter
What elements are carbohydrates made up of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
What are the simplest carbohydrates called?
Monosaccharides.
What are monosaccharides?
The monomers of carbohydrates.
What are some properties of carbohydrates?
Soluble in water
Sweet tasting
Form crystals
How are monosaccharides grouped?
Based on the number of carbons they have.
3 carbons - trioses
5 carbons - pentoses
6 carbons - hexoses
What are the most common monosaccharides, and how do they occur? What structures do they form?
The most common monosaccharides are the hexoses.
These include glucose and fructose.
Pentose and hexose sugars occur as ring structures.
Glucose and fructose both have the formula of C6H12O6.
How can they both have the same formula yet be different sugars?
Glucose and fructose are structural isomers.
This means that the atoms are arranged differently
Show how the structures of glucose and fructose differ.
[Pictures on desktop]
What are the isomers of glucose?
Alpha and Beta glucose
How do the structures of alpha and beta glucose differ?
Beta glucose has the H on the bottom.
What is the role of glucose in biology?
Soluble in water.
Easily broken down.
Small molecule
How is a disacharide formed?
When two monosaccharides join together a disaccharide is formed.
Explain the formation of disaccharide
Two monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction, forming a covalent bond called a glycosidic bond.
How is the bond between maltose molecules formed and what is it called?
The glycosidic bond is between carbon atoms 1 and 4 and adjacent glucose units. This is called an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond.
How are different disaccharides formed?
If the combination of monosaccharides is different or the link between adjacent carbon atoms is different.
Give examples of disaccharides.
Maltose - Two α glucose molecules.
Sucrose – α glucose and β fructose.
Lactose – α glucose and galactose.
What is needed for the formation of a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides needed. Condensation reaction. Water released. Glycosidic bond formed. Glycosidic bond formed between adjacent carbons (1-4 glycosidic bond in maltose).
What is the difference between the formation of a monosaccharide and disaccharide?
Formed when different monosaccharides used.
Different carbon links.
Lactose (glucose and galactose).
Sucrose (glucose and fructose).