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PSYC 100 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

scientific study of mind and behaviour

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2
Q

Mind

A

private inner experiences of preceptions, thoughts, memories and feelings

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3
Q

Behaviour

A

observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

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4
Q

Plato (428-347 BCE)

A

Nativism

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5
Q

Nativism

A

the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

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6
Q

Aristole (384-322 BCE)

A

Philosophical empirism

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7
Q

Philosophical Empiricism

A

the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

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8
Q

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

A

body & mind are fundamentally different things
suggested mind influences the body through the pineal gland
Dualism

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9
Q

Dualism

A

mental activity can be reconciled & coordinated w/ physical behaviour

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10
Q

Franz Joseph Gall ( 1758-1828)

A

Phrenology
thought brains and minds were linked by size rather than glands
size of bumps in the brain and by feeling them, you could tell what the person was like

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11
Q

Phrenology

A

defunct theory that specific mental abilities & characteristics ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness are localized in specific regions of the brain

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12
Q

Physiology

A

the study of biological processes, especially in the human body

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13
Q

Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920)

A

Structuralism

believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness (subjective experiences)

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14
Q

Structuralism

A

the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

  • involved breaking down consciousness into elemental sensations and feelings
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15
Q

Introspection

A

the subjective observation of one’s own experience

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16
Q

William James

A

Functionalism

examined the structure of mental processes and set out to understand the functions of those mental processes

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17
Q

Functionalism

A

the study of the purpose that mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

18
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Natural selection - the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed onto subsequent generations

19
Q

Jean-Martin Charcot & Pierre Janet

A

hysteria - temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

20
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalytic theory & psychoanalysis

studied the unconscious

21
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

an approach the emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviours

22
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

a therapeutic approach the focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

recall past experiences

23
Q

Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers

A

Humanistic psychology

viewed people as free agents who have an inherent need to develop, grow and attain their full potential

24
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

25
Q

John Watson

A

Behaviorism

  • proposed that psychologists focus entirely on the study of behavior
  • goal of psychology should be to predict and control behaviors in ways that benefit society
26
Q

Behaviorism

A

an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour

Watson - see only behaviour
Skinner - environment is everything

27
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Behaviorism & reinforcement

  • made the skinner box
  • claims that when we’re using free will, it’s actually an illusion and we’re just responding to present and past patterns of reinforcement
28
Q

Principle of reinforcement

A

the consequences of a behavior determines whether it will be more or less likely to occur again

29
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

Gestalt psychology
Illusions

  • the mind imposes organization
30
Q

Illusions

A

errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

31
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

a psychological approach the emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

32
Q

Sir Fredic Bartlett

A

suggested that memory isn’t photographic reproduction, it is powerfully influenced by our knowledge, beliefs, hopes, aspirations, and desires

33
Q

Jean Piaget & Kurt Lewin

A

Cognitive psychology

34
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory and reasoning

35
Q

George Miller

A

we can pay attention to and briefly hold in memory about 7 pieces of information

36
Q

Karl Lashley

A

Behavioural Neuroscience

brain scanning is invaluable bc it allows us to observe the brain in action & to see which parts are involved in which operations

37
Q

Behavioral Neuroscience

A

an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

38
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

39
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

complications: doesn’t have a record of our ancestors thoughts, feelings and actions

40
Q

Social psychology

A

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

41
Q

Gordon Allport

A

studied in stereotyping, prejudice and racism in the american civil rights movements

42
Q

Cultural psychology

A

the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members

PSYC 100 (2 decks)

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