Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define Pathology
The study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease.
Define Physiology
functions of the human body
Define Pathophysiology
The impact the cellular and organ changes, occured from disease, have on the total body function.
What else does pathophysiology focus on?
the mechanisms of the underlying disease, and provides the background for preventive, as well as therapeutic, health care measures and practices.
Define disease
An acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body system.
Define etiology
The cause, or origination of disease.
What are some recognized etiologic agents?
Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses) Physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation) Chemical agents (poisons, alcohol) Nurtrional excesses/ deficits.
Do most diseases have a single cause, or are they multifactorial in origin?
Multifactorial
Define risk factors
The multiple factors that may predispose an individual to a particular disease
Define congenital conditions
Defects that are present at birth, although they are not evident at birth.
Congenital conditions might be caused by what?
Genetic influence
Environmental factors
or a combination of the two
Define acquired conditions
defects caused by events that occur after birth
Acquired conditions might be caused by what?
Injury Exposure to infectious agents inadequate/improper nutrition lack of oxygen inappropriate immune response neoplasia
Define neoplasia
Formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue.
Many diseases are thought to be the result of what?
A genetic predisposition and an environmental event or events that serve as a trigger to initiate disease development
Define pathogenesis
How the disease process evolves.
or the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent, until the ultimate expression of a disease.
Define morphology
The fundamental structure, or form of cells or tissues
Define morphologic changes
both, the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of disease,
Define histology
the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. (most commonly looked at with microscope)
Define lesion
a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue
Define manifestations
obvious signs to show a person is sick.
Define symptom
a subjective sensation that is noted by the person with a disorder
(pain, difficulty breathing, dizziness)
Define sign
a manifestation that is noted by an external observer
elevated temperature, swollen extremity, changes in pupil size
Define syndrome
A compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state.
Define complications
possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment
Define sequelae
lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease
Define diagnosis
The designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
What percent is the normal distribution?
95% of the reference population, or
the mean, plus or minus two standard deviations.
Define validitiy
the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure
Define reliability
The extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result.
Define standardization
aimed at increasing the trueness and reliability of measured values
Define sensitivity
the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation (called a true-positive result)
Define specificity
the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation (true-negative result)
Specificity can be only calculated from people who have the disease, or people who do not?
People who do not have the disease
What is a false-positive test?
If a test is 95% specific, that means 95 of 100 normal people are correctly identified, and the other 5% who do not have the disease but are labeled as having the disease are known as false positive
What is a false-negative test?
a person who tests negative for a disease, however, they actually have the disease. This results in delayed diagnosis and jeopardized the outcome of the treatment.
Define predictive value
The extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition
Define positive predictive value
the proportion of true positive results that occurs in a given population
define negative predictive value
the true-negative observations in a population
What are the three ways a diseases course can be?
acute disorder
chronic disease
subacute disease
Define acute disorder
relatively severe, but self limiting (short)
define chronic disease
runs a continuous course or can present with exacerbations and remissions
Define exacerbations
aggrevation of symptoms and severity of the disease
define remission
period during which there is a decrease in severity and symptoms
define subacute disease
intermediate or between acute and chronic - not as severe as acute, and not as prolonged as a chronic
Define preclinical stage
disease is not clinically evident, but is destined to progress to clinical disease
define subclinical disease
not clinically apparent, but is diagnosed with antibody or culture tests (such as tb)
define clinical disease
manifested by signs and symtoms
define clinical infectious disease
persists for years, sometimes for life
define carrier status
an individual who harbours and organism but is not infected, as evidence by antibody response or clinical manifestations
Define epidemiology
The study of disease occurrence in human populations. It looks for patterns of persons affected with a particular disorder (age, race, diet, lifestyle, geographic location)
Epidemiologic methods are used to determine what?
how a disease is spread, how to control it, how to prevent it, and how to eliminate it.
Define incidence
the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time
Define prevalence
measure of an existing disease in a population at a given point in time.
Define morbidity
the effects an illness has on a persons life
Define mortality
statistics to provide information about the causes of death in a given population
Define cross sectional studies
use simultaneous collection of information necessary for classification of exposure and outcome status
Define case control studies
designed to compare persons known to have the outcome of interest (cases) and those known not to have the outcome of interest (controls)
Define cohort studies
group of persons who were born at approximately the same time or share some characteristics of interest
Define natural history of a disease
the progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention
Define prognosis
the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease.
What can prognosis be designated as
chances for full recovery
possibility of complications or anticipated survival time
Define primary prevention
directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing all risk factors
Define secondary prevention
detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment measures can effect a cure or stop it from progressing
Define tertiary prevention
directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of a disease once it has been diagnosed
Define evidence-based practice
the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. it uses individual expertise as well as clinical evidence.
Define clinical practice guidelines
systematically developed statements intended to inform practitioners and clients in making decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances
