Chapter 1 Flashcards
Study of how drugs affect mood, perception, thinking, or behavior
Psychopharmacology
Drugs that affect mood, perception, thinking, or behavior by acting in the nervous system
Psychoactive drugs
The study of how drugs affect behavior. Sometimes behavioral pharmacologists emphasize principles used in field of behavior analysis
Behavioral pharmacology
The study of how drugs affect the nervous system and how these nervous system changes alter behavior
Neuropsychopharmacology
Drugs used for treating disorders
Pharmacotherapeutics
Administered substance that alters physiological functioning
Drug
Using a drug to address a specific purpose
Instrumental drug use
Drug used to treat a physical or mental disorder
Therapeutic drug
Using a drug entirely to experience the drug’s effects
Recreational drug use
A trademarked name a company provides for a drug
Trade name (or brand name)
A nonproprietary name that indicates the classification for a drug and distinguishes it from others in the same class
Generic name
Dose
Ratio of drug per an organism’s body weight
Depicts the magnitude of a drug effect by dose
Dose-effect curve
Represents the dose at which 50 percent of an effect was observed
ED_50 value
Amount of drug used to produce a certain level of effect
Potency
Ratio of a drug’s toxic dose-effect curve value relative to therapeutic dose-effect curve value
Therapeutic index
A therapeutic index calculated by dividing a TD_1 value by an ED_99 value
Certain safety index
The physiological actions of drugs
Pharmacodynamics
A drug’s passage through the body
Pharmacokinetics
The study of how genetic differences influence a drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacological effects that can be directly observed by others
Objective effects
Pharmacological effects that cannot be directly observed by others
Subjective effects
How do pharmacodynamic effects differ from pharmacokinetic effects?
Pharmacodynamic effects refer to the biological effects of a drug, whereas pharmacokinetic effects refer to the movement of a drug through the body, including entry into the nervous system
How might pharmacogenetic factors alter a person’s response to a psychoactive drug?
One’s genetic makeup may alter a drug’s passage through the body or alter a drug’s actions in the nervous system
What is the challenge in studying subjective drug effects?
Subjective effects represent an individual’s personal and non-publicly observable effects from a drug, including how a person feels after taking the drug. Self report. Yet, for recreational drugs, subjective effects are the most important to characterize and understand.
Substance identical in appearance to a drug but physiologically inert
Placebo
Number of treatments and doses provided to patients described in a clinical
Treatment arms
Detailed summaries of a clinical study’s design and results
Clinical study reports
When researchers do not inform study participants which treatment or placebo they received
Single-blind procedure
When neither the participants nor investigators know the treatment assignments during a study
Double-blind procedure
Assignment of study treatments without using blinded procedures
Open-label studies
Control of variables with potential to influence a dependent variable
Internal validity
Ability to extend findings beyond study conditions
External validity
Test appears to measure what a researcher considers it to measure
Face validity
How well a study’s findings relate to the underlying theory of a study’s objectives
Construct validity
Ability of model to predict treatment effects
Predictive validity
Teratogen
Substance harmful to a fetus
The 3 Rs
A review process for animal research that considers “replacement,” “reduction,” and “refinement” to determine the necessity of using animals, minimum number of animals needed, and procedures to minimize pain or distress
Assessment that weighs the value of potential research discoveries against the potential pain and distress experienced by research subjects
Ethical cost
Consent gained after a participant thoroughly understands a study’s procedures, possible gains, and potential risks
Informed consent
Stages of therapeutic drug development (6)
- Identify disorder to treat
- Drug synthesis
- Biological experiment
- Focused screening methods
- Safety pharmacology
- Clinical trials
Rapid testing process involving a large number of experimental drugs
High-throughput screening
The study of a drug’s adverse effects
Safety pharmacology
Clinical Trial
A government approved therapeutic drug experiment in humans’ drug development; a multistep process of developing an effective, safe, and profitable therapeutic drug
Goal: determine a drug’s most likely and frequent adverse effects to occur during treatment
Dose/duration: low dose of drug short term
Participants: normally healthy volunteers
Clinical trial phase 1
Goal: determination of therapeutic effectiveness; experimental drug may be compared to standard medical treatment; adverse effects continue to be monitored
Dose/duration: may be higher dose short term
Participants: with disorder to be treated
Clinical trial phase 2
Goal: further determination of therapeutic effectiveness; experimental drug may be compared to standard medical treatment; adverse effects continue to be monitored
Dose/duration: dose selected based on previous phase likely long term
Participants: with disorder to be treated, more inclusive for other populations and those with coexisting conditions
Clinical trial phase 3
Goal: occurs after FDA approves drug for market; might address remaining questions or concerns about the drug; goal is to further determine features of a drug’s therapeutic effectiveness and adverse effects
Dose/duration: selected based on previous phase likely long term
Participants: with disorder to be treated, might focus on unique effects in different populations or other medical conditions; choice may come from results of previous phase
Clinical trial phase 4
