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Drugs And The Neuroscience Of Behavior > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of how drugs affect mood, perception, thinking, or behavior

A

Psychopharmacology

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2
Q

Drugs that affect mood, perception, thinking, or behavior by acting in the nervous system

A

Psychoactive drugs

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3
Q

The study of how drugs affect behavior. Sometimes behavioral pharmacologists emphasize principles used in field of behavior analysis

A

Behavioral pharmacology

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4
Q

The study of how drugs affect the nervous system and how these nervous system changes alter behavior

A

Neuropsychopharmacology

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5
Q

Drugs used for treating disorders

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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6
Q

Administered substance that alters physiological functioning

A

Drug

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7
Q

Using a drug to address a specific purpose

A

Instrumental drug use

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8
Q

Drug used to treat a physical or mental disorder

A

Therapeutic drug

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9
Q

Using a drug entirely to experience the drug’s effects

A

Recreational drug use

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10
Q

A trademarked name a company provides for a drug

A

Trade name (or brand name)

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11
Q

A nonproprietary name that indicates the classification for a drug and distinguishes it from others in the same class

A

Generic name

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12
Q

Dose

A

Ratio of drug per an organism’s body weight

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13
Q

Depicts the magnitude of a drug effect by dose

A

Dose-effect curve

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14
Q

Represents the dose at which 50 percent of an effect was observed

A

ED_50 value

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15
Q

Amount of drug used to produce a certain level of effect

A

Potency

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16
Q

Ratio of a drug’s toxic dose-effect curve value relative to therapeutic dose-effect curve value

A

Therapeutic index

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17
Q

A therapeutic index calculated by dividing a TD_1 value by an ED_99 value

A

Certain safety index

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18
Q

The physiological actions of drugs

A

Pharmacodynamics

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19
Q

A drug’s passage through the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

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20
Q

The study of how genetic differences influence a drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects

A

Pharmacogenetics

21
Q

Pharmacological effects that can be directly observed by others

A

Objective effects

22
Q

Pharmacological effects that cannot be directly observed by others

A

Subjective effects

23
Q

How do pharmacodynamic effects differ from pharmacokinetic effects?

A

Pharmacodynamic effects refer to the biological effects of a drug, whereas pharmacokinetic effects refer to the movement of a drug through the body, including entry into the nervous system

24
Q

How might pharmacogenetic factors alter a person’s response to a psychoactive drug?

A

One’s genetic makeup may alter a drug’s passage through the body or alter a drug’s actions in the nervous system

25
Q

What is the challenge in studying subjective drug effects?

A

Subjective effects represent an individual’s personal and non-publicly observable effects from a drug, including how a person feels after taking the drug. Self report. Yet, for recreational drugs, subjective effects are the most important to characterize and understand.

26
Q

Substance identical in appearance to a drug but physiologically inert

A

Placebo

27
Q

Number of treatments and doses provided to patients described in a clinical

A

Treatment arms

28
Q

Detailed summaries of a clinical study’s design and results

A

Clinical study reports

29
Q

When researchers do not inform study participants which treatment or placebo they received

A

Single-blind procedure

30
Q

When neither the participants nor investigators know the treatment assignments during a study

A

Double-blind procedure

31
Q

Assignment of study treatments without using blinded procedures

A

Open-label studies

32
Q

Control of variables with potential to influence a dependent variable

A

Internal validity

33
Q

Ability to extend findings beyond study conditions

A

External validity

34
Q

Test appears to measure what a researcher considers it to measure

A

Face validity

35
Q

How well a study’s findings relate to the underlying theory of a study’s objectives

A

Construct validity

36
Q

Ability of model to predict treatment effects

A

Predictive validity

37
Q

Teratogen

A

Substance harmful to a fetus

38
Q

The 3 Rs

A

A review process for animal research that considers “replacement,” “reduction,” and “refinement” to determine the necessity of using animals, minimum number of animals needed, and procedures to minimize pain or distress

39
Q

Assessment that weighs the value of potential research discoveries against the potential pain and distress experienced by research subjects

A

Ethical cost

40
Q

Consent gained after a participant thoroughly understands a study’s procedures, possible gains, and potential risks

A

Informed consent

41
Q

Stages of therapeutic drug development (6)

A
  1. Identify disorder to treat
  2. Drug synthesis
  3. Biological experiment
  4. Focused screening methods
  5. Safety pharmacology
  6. Clinical trials
42
Q

Rapid testing process involving a large number of experimental drugs

A

High-throughput screening

43
Q

The study of a drug’s adverse effects

A

Safety pharmacology

44
Q

Clinical Trial

A

A government approved therapeutic drug experiment in humans’ drug development; a multistep process of developing an effective, safe, and profitable therapeutic drug

45
Q

Goal: determine a drug’s most likely and frequent adverse effects to occur during treatment
Dose/duration: low dose of drug short term
Participants: normally healthy volunteers

A

Clinical trial phase 1

46
Q

Goal: determination of therapeutic effectiveness; experimental drug may be compared to standard medical treatment; adverse effects continue to be monitored
Dose/duration: may be higher dose short term
Participants: with disorder to be treated

A

Clinical trial phase 2

47
Q

Goal: further determination of therapeutic effectiveness; experimental drug may be compared to standard medical treatment; adverse effects continue to be monitored
Dose/duration: dose selected based on previous phase likely long term
Participants: with disorder to be treated, more inclusive for other populations and those with coexisting conditions

A

Clinical trial phase 3

48
Q

Goal: occurs after FDA approves drug for market; might address remaining questions or concerns about the drug; goal is to further determine features of a drug’s therapeutic effectiveness and adverse effects
Dose/duration: selected based on previous phase likely long term
Participants: with disorder to be treated, might focus on unique effects in different populations or other medical conditions; choice may come from results of previous phase

A

Clinical trial phase 4

Drugs And The Neuroscience Of Behavior (2 decks)

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