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Bio 151 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

long sequences of DNA arrayed on chromosomes

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2
Q

What do Genes Do ?

A

Code for proteins

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3
Q

Where is DNA stored ?

A

in the nucleus of the cell

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4
Q

Euchromatin

A

The way DNA is stored in the nucleus.

loose chromatin form

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5
Q

DNA is packaged as ________ ?

A

chromosomes!

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6
Q

DNA is tightly coiled during ______ ?

A

Cell Division

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7
Q

Diploid number

A

2n

its the number of chromosomes present in the body cells of a diploid organism

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8
Q

DNA coils around what kind of proteins

A

histone proteins

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9
Q

Nucleosome

A

length of DNA coiled around a histone

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10
Q

One individual chromosome contains

A

many genes

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11
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and Protein

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12
Q

P-arm

A

short arm of a chromosome

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13
Q

q-arm

A

long arm of a chromosome

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14
Q

Karyotype

A

Chromosomes

Paired with homolog and arranged numerically by size

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15
Q

Physical characteristic of a chromosome

A

a double structure

constitutes a pair of sister chromatids joined by a common centromere

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16
Q

ploidy

A

number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or the cells of an organism

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17
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes from maternal/paternal origin

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18
Q

homology

A

similarity because of inheritance from common ancestry

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19
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA makes RNA, makes protein

Gene, Transcription, Translation

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20
Q

Proteins

A

~strings of amino acids that fold into 3D shape

~Do most of the work in the cells

21
Q

The set of alleles for a given trait carried by

an organism is called the _____ ?

22
Q

Allele

A

alternative form of a gene

23
Q

Phenotype

A

physical expression, or characteristics, of a genotype.

24
Q

Wildtype

A

a strain, gene, or characteristic that prevails among individuals in natural conditions

25
Why are drosophila a great model organism for genetics?
Short generation time - new adults in 10 days Small, easy to maintain, breed, and handle Cheap! Can be easily mutagenized Remarkable similarity to mammalian development, despite smaller genome Drosophila have only 4 chromosomes (one of which is X/Y, a sex chromosome). This greatly simplifies genetic analyses!
26
gametes
haploid reproductive cells | (ova or sperm) that will be used to create new offspring. Gametes are produced by “germ line” cells.
27
somatic cells
All other non-germ line cells in the body. All somatic cells are diploid.
28
Interphase
chromosomes extended and uncoiled DNA is in loose chromatin form
29
Prophase
Chromosomes coil up and condense Centrioles move apart
30
Prometaphase
chromosomes are clearly double structures centrioles reach opposite poles spindle fibers form
31
Metaphase
Centromeres align on the metaphase plate
32
Anaphase
Centromeres split daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
33
Telophase
daughter chromosomes arrive at poles cytokinesis commences
34
Resulting cells in mitosis and meiosis
mitosis -> diploid | meiosis-> haploid
35
crossing over
Crossing over” occurs between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes during synapsis
36
Synapsis
When homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I
37
Chiasma
where crossing over occurs
38
Disjunction
Separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I | or - the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase II
39
Non disjunction
Failure to separate properly
40
Transmission genetics
the transfer of genetic information from genes to another generation (from parent to offspring)
41
True breeding
organism is homozygous, which means a single trait stems from having identical alleles
42
Monohybrid cross
a genetic cross involving only one phenotype of interest
43
Mendels 4 postulates
1. Inheritable characteristics are controlled by pairs of unit factors (genes/alleles) 2. One version is dominant over the other (recessive) 3. Law of segregation 4. Law of Independent Assortment
44
Law of Segregation
Paired unit factors (genes) separate randomly into gametes so that each gamete receives one or the other ( with equal likelihood) Anaphase 1 ensures this
45
Law of Independent assortment
Unit factors (genes) are inherited independently of one another Metaphase 1 ensures this
46
Test cross
crossing an organism with an unknown genotype, to a homozygous recessive
47
Dihybrid cross
a genetic cross involving two phenotypes of interest
48
Product Law
The probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

Bio 151 (2 decks)

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