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Bio 151 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genes

A

long sequences of DNA arrayed on chromosomes

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2
Q

What do Genes Do ?

A

Code for proteins

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3
Q

Where is DNA stored ?

A

in the nucleus of the cell

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4
Q

Euchromatin

A

The way DNA is stored in the nucleus.

loose chromatin form

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5
Q

DNA is packaged as ________ ?

A

chromosomes!

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6
Q

DNA is tightly coiled during ______ ?

A

Cell Division

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7
Q

Diploid number

A

2n

its the number of chromosomes present in the body cells of a diploid organism

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8
Q

DNA coils around what kind of proteins

A

histone proteins

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9
Q

Nucleosome

A

length of DNA coiled around a histone

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10
Q

One individual chromosome contains

A

many genes

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11
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and Protein

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12
Q

P-arm

A

short arm of a chromosome

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13
Q

q-arm

A

long arm of a chromosome

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14
Q

Karyotype

A

Chromosomes

Paired with homolog and arranged numerically by size

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15
Q

Physical characteristic of a chromosome

A

a double structure

constitutes a pair of sister chromatids joined by a common centromere

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16
Q

ploidy

A

number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or the cells of an organism

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17
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes from maternal/paternal origin

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18
Q

homology

A

similarity because of inheritance from common ancestry

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19
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA makes RNA, makes protein

Gene, Transcription, Translation

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20
Q

Proteins

A

~strings of amino acids that fold into 3D shape

~Do most of the work in the cells

21
Q

The set of alleles for a given trait carried by

an organism is called the _____ ?

A

Genotype

22
Q

Allele

A

alternative form of a gene

23
Q

Phenotype

A

physical expression, or characteristics, of a genotype.

24
Q

Wildtype

A

a strain, gene, or characteristic that prevails among individuals in natural conditions

25
Q

Why are drosophila a great model organism for genetics?

A

Short generation time - new adults in 10 days

Small, easy to maintain, breed, and handle

Cheap!

Can be easily mutagenized

Remarkable similarity to mammalian development, despite smaller genome

Drosophila have only 4 chromosomes (one of which is X/Y, a sex chromosome).
This greatly simplifies genetic analyses!

26
Q

gametes

A

haploid reproductive cells

(ova or sperm) that will be used to create new offspring. Gametes are produced by “germ line” cells.

27
Q

somatic cells

A

All other non-germ line cells in the body. All somatic cells are diploid.

28
Q

Interphase

A

chromosomes extended and uncoiled

DNA is in loose chromatin form

29
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes coil up and condense

Centrioles move apart

30
Q

Prometaphase

A

chromosomes are clearly double structures

centrioles reach opposite poles

spindle fibers form

31
Q

Metaphase

A

Centromeres align on the metaphase plate

32
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split daughter

chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

33
Q

Telophase

A

daughter chromosomes arrive at poles

cytokinesis commences

34
Q

Resulting cells in mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis -> diploid

meiosis-> haploid

35
Q

crossing over

A

Crossing over” occurs between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes during synapsis

36
Q

Synapsis

A

When homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I

37
Q

Chiasma

A

where crossing over occurs

38
Q

Disjunction

A

Separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I

or - the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase II

39
Q

Non disjunction

A

Failure to separate properly

40
Q

Transmission genetics

A

the transfer of genetic information from genes to another generation (from parent to offspring)

41
Q

True breeding

A

organism is homozygous, which means a single trait stems from having identical alleles

42
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

a genetic cross involving only one phenotype of interest

43
Q

Mendels 4 postulates

A
  1. Inheritable characteristics are controlled by pairs of unit factors (genes/alleles)
  2. One version is dominant over the other (recessive)
  3. Law of segregation
  4. Law of Independent Assortment
44
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Paired unit factors (genes) separate randomly into gametes so that each gamete receives one or the other ( with equal likelihood)

Anaphase 1 ensures this

45
Q

Law of Independent assortment

A

Unit factors (genes) are inherited independently of one another

Metaphase 1 ensures this

46
Q

Test cross

A

crossing an organism with an unknown genotype, to a homozygous recessive

47
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

a genetic cross involving two phenotypes of interest

48
Q

Product Law

A

The probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

Bio 151 (2 decks)

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