Chapter 1

Question 1

Genetic

Answer 1

Role of genetics in expression of mental health

Question 2

Neuroanatomical

Answer 2

Specific neuroanatomical structures underlying mental functions

Question 3

Neurochemical

Answer 3

Specific neurochemicals (neurotransmitters) underlying mental functions

Question 4

Neurophysiological

Answer 4

Exact neural functioning accompanying mental functions (slowed action potentials in neurons)

Question 5

Developmental

Answer 5

Specific critical windows of neuronal development and plasticity in contributing to mental functioning

Question 6

Environmental

Answer 6

Environmental stimuli that may contribute to mental illness or mental health

Question 7

Cultural

Answer 7

Cultural aspects that may contribute to the formation and perception of mental disorders

Question 8

Evolutionary

Answer 8

Biological relevance of factors as they fit into the evolutionary context for particular behaviors related to mental health and mental illness

Question 9

TBI

Answer 9

Injury to a person’s brain usually resulting from an accident

Question 10

Neurogenesis

Answer 10

Creation of new neurons. It was once thought that developed brains no longer produce new neurons, but research has confirmed the production of new neurons across the life span. Little is known about the functional consequences of new neurons

Question 11

Neurotrophic factors

Answer 11

Neurochemicals such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor that promote the growth and complexity of neurons

Question 12

Computerized tomography (CT)

Answer 12

Neuroimaging technique that is equivalent of taking x-ray of the brain:
Living
Healthy/diseased
Static
Passive 
noninvasive 
No temporal/macro (brain)
Diagnosis:stroke, tumor, herniated disk
Less Expensive, common, radiation
Image
X-ray

Question 13

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 13

Technique the provides pictures of the brain by sending  a magnetic field through a person's head so that scanners can absorb radiation from hydrogen ions and 3-d, high resolution picture of brain tissue is generated:
Living
Healthy/diseased
Static
Passive
Noninvasive/ sometimes inject dyes
No temporal/macro(brain)
High quality visual image of brain
Expensive, restrictive, contrast dyes
Image 
Magnetic

Question 14

Diffusion tensor imaging

Answer 14

Brain imaging technique utilizing radio frequency and magnetic field impulses to track water molecules to provide an image of fiber tracts in the living brain

Question 15

EEG

Answer 15

Involved placing electrodes on an individual’s scalp and recording the activity of large populations of neurons. This technique has been valuable in diagnosing epilepsy and in delineating the various stages of sleep:
Living
Healthy/diseased
Functional
Active
Noninvasive
Temporal: minutes/hours &spatial: macro (brain)
Activity, response to particular events, temporal
Inexpensive, scalp-limited cortical, poor spatial
Electrical activity
Electrical impulses

Question 16

PET

Answer 16

Functional neuroimaging technique that involves injecting the patient with radioactively tagged glucose and quantifying the patient's metabolization of the radioactive glucose when the patient is presented with the an experimental challenge (a cognitive task or a certain stimulus): 
Living
Healthy/diseased
Functional
Active 
Invasive/ inject dyes
Temporal: minutes/hours&spatial: macro (brain)
Compare brain areas in different tasks
Uncommon, exposure to radiation
Glucose
Radioactive glucose (radioisotope)

Question 17

fMRI

Answer 17

MRI that provides info about activity of the brain by quantifying cerebral blood flow during a cognitive challenge:
Living
Healthy/diseased
Functional
Active
Noninvasive
Temporal: ms/min/hrs & spatial: Macro to meso
Does a brain area correlate with particular behavior, good spatial/temporal
Expensive, problems related to measuring blood flow, same as MRI
Blood flow
Magnetic

Question 18

Phenotype

Answer 18

External expression of certain genetic influences. The phenotype for one genetic assortment may be long fingers, for another the phenotype may be brown hair

Question 19

Concordance rate

Answer 19

Frequency with which two individuals express the same condition. For example, the rate at which identical twins both develop schizophrenia is the concordance rate for schizophrenia

Question 20

Immediate early genes

Answer 20

Class of genes that exhibit rapid responses to certain extracellullar stimuli by producing proteins that prompt the release of such neurotransmitters as c-fos, which is involved in the stress response

Question 21

Proteins

Answer 21

Complex organic chemicals that are the essential building materials of living cells

Question 22

Proximate causation

Answer 22

Doctrine stating that the most direct cause of an event is the most important factor. In evolutionary theory, proximate questions are most often questions of mechanism and development of certain behaviors

Question 23

Ultimate causation

Answer 23

Doctrine stating that the more long-term causes of a behavior are important for a thorough understanding of the behavior. In evolutionary theory, ultimate causation questions are related to how and why certain behaviors evolve

Question 24

Sexual selection

Answer 24

Choosing a mate or competing for a mate

Question 25

Culture-bound syndromes

Answer 25

Condition that appears to be culture-specific. Ex. Anorexia (us), Latah (Malaysia), koro (malaysia), brain fag (Nigeria).

Question 26

Homeostasis

Answer 26

Internal balance and regulation of physiological systems in an organism