Chapter 1 Flashcards
child-
a person undergoing the period of development from infancy through puberty
infancy - not speaking
the period of very early childhood characterized by lack of complex speech, the first 2 years of birth
development
the processes by which organisms unfold features and traits grow and become more complwx and specialized in structure and function
motor development
this infanct has just mastered the ability to pull herself up to a standing position. Soon she will be able to stand alone and then she will begin to walk
growth
The processes by which organisms increase in size, weight strength and other traits as they develop
A View of children as perceived in the 1600
centures ago children were viewed as miniature adults. In ths 17 century painting notice how the body proportions of the young princess are similar to those of her adult attendants
A young child laborer
children often worked long days in factories up through the erly years of the 20th century. A number of cultures in the world today still use child labor
Behaviorism - John B. Watson
John B. Watson’s view that a science or theory of development must study observable behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and responses
Theory
a formulation of relationships underlying obswerved events. A theory involves assumptions and logically derived explanations and predictions
Psycho sexual development - Freud
freuds view that as children develop they find sexual gratification through stimulating different parts of their bodies
stage theory
a theory of development characterized by hypothesizing athe existence of distinct periods of life. Stages follow one another in an orderly sequence.
Psycholsocial development - Erikson
Erikson’s theory which emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout the eight stages of development
Karen Horney
a follower of freud argued that frued placed too much emphasis on sexual and biological determinants of behavior while neglecting the importance of social factors
Life crisis
an internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosical development. Positive resolution of early life crises sets the stage for positive resolution of subsequent life crisis
identity Crisis Erikson
according to Erikson a period of inner conflictf during which one examins ones values and makes decisions about ones life roles
John B. Watson
Water is shown here testing the grasping reflex of an infant. As a behaviorist watson believed that the environment is all important in shaping development
B.F. Skinner
a behaviorist developed principles of operant condition and focused on the role of reinforcement of behavior
classical conditoning
A simple form of learning in which one stimulus comes to bring forth the response usually brought forth by a second stimulus by eing paired repeatedly with the second stimulus
Stimulus
A change in the environment that leads to a change in behavior
Operant Conditioning
a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced
Reinforcement
the process of providing stimuli following a response which has the effect of increasing the frequency of the response
Albert BAndura
and other theorists showed that one way children lean is by observing others. Whereas behaviorists like John Watson and B.FSkinner portrayed children as reactive to environmental timuli, social congnitive theorists depict children as active learners who are capable of fashioning new environments
Positive Reinforcer
a reinforcer that when applied increases the frequency of a response
negative reinforcer
a reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of a response
punishment
an unpleasant stimulus that suppresses behavior
shaping
A procedure for teaching complex behavior patterns by means of reinforcing small steps toward the target behavior
time out
A behavior modification tecnique in which a child who misbehaves is temporarily removed from positive reinforcement
social sognitive theory
a sognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning in the determining of behavior
cognitive developmental theory
the stage theory that holds that the childs abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures
Jean Piaget
his cognitive developmental theory is a stage theory that focuses on the ways children adapt to the environment by mentally representing the world and solving problems. Pigets early training as a biologist led him to view children as mentally assimilating and accommodating aspects of their environment
Scheme Jean Piaget
according to Piaget an action pattern or mental structure that is involed in the acquisition and organization of knowledge
adaptation Piaget
according to piaget an interaction between the organism and the environment that consists of two processes, assimilation and acconnodation - Piaget
assimilation Piaget
according to Piaget the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes
accommodation Piaget
according to Piage the modification of existing schemes to permit the incorporation of new events or knowledge
equilibration
the creation of an equilibrium or balance between assimilation and accommodation as a way of incorporating new events or knowledge
ethology
the study of behaviors that are specific to a species how they have evolved help the organism adapt and develop during critical periods
imprinting - FAP
the process by ehich some animals exhibit the fixed action patter of atachment in response to a releasing stimuls. The FAP occurs during a critical period and is difficult to modify
ecology
the branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their enviornment
ecological systems theory
the view that explains child development in terms of the reciprocial influences between child and the settings that make up their environment
microsystem
the immediate settings with which the child interacts such as the home the school and ones peers from the greek mikros meaning small
mesosystem
the interlocking settingsthat influence the child such as the interation of the school and the larger community when children are taken on field trips
exosystem
community institutions and settings that indirectly influcence the child such as the school board and the parents workplaces
macrosystem
the basic institutions and ideologies that influence the child such as the american ideals of freedom of expression and equality under the law
chronosystem
the environmental changes that occur over time and have an impact on the child
Lev Semenvich Vygotsky
is known the showinghow social speech becomes inner speech and how scaffolding by others assists children in developing the cognitive skills to succeed
zone of proximal development ZPD Yvgotsky
Vygotskys term for the range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled frequenctly an adult who respresent the culture in which the child devlops
scaffolding - Vygotskys
Vygotskys term for the temporary cognititve structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently
ehtnic groups
groups of people distinguished by their cultural herital race langugage and common history
socioeconomic status (SES)
social postitions as determined mainly by level of income
Nature
the processes within an organism that guide that organism to develope according to its genetic code
nurture
the processes external to an organism tha nourish it as it develops according to its genetic code or tha cause it is swerve from its genetically programmed course. Environmental factors that influence development
Genes
the basic building blocks of heredity
Stages of Physical Development
certain aspects of physical development seem to occur in stages. Girls usually spurt in growth before boys. The gir and boy who are dancing are the same age
Empirical
Based an observation and experimentation
The Scientific Method
The scientic method is a systematic way of forming and answering research questions. It allows scientists to test the theories discussed in the previous section and has five steps
Hypothesis
a specific statement about behavior that is tested by research
naturalistic observation
a method of scientific observation in ehich children and others are observed in their natural environments
case study
a carefully drawn biography of the life of an individual
standardized test
a test of some ability or trait in which an individuals score is compared to the scores of a group of similar individuals
correlation
the exten to which two or more variables or measurements on the same group of elements vary together
variables
quantities that can vary from child to child or from occasion to occasion such as height weight intelligence and attention span
correlation coefficient
A number ranging from +100 to -100 that expresses the direction positive or negative and strength of the relationship between two variables
positive correlation
a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable increases
negative correlation
a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases
experiment
a method of scientific investigation that seeks to discover cause and effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on the dependent variables
treatment
in an experiement a condition received by subjects so that its effects can be observed
independent variables
a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects can be observed
dependent variables
a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable
experimental group
a group made up of subjects who receive a treatment in an experiment
control group
a group made up of subjects in an experiment who do not receive the treatment but for whom all other conditions are comparable to those of subjects in the experimental group
longitudinal research
the study of developmental processes by taking repeated measures of the same group of children at various stages of development
cross sectional research
the study of developmental processes by taking measures of children of different age groups at the same time
cohort effect
similarities in behavior among a group of peers that stem from the fact that group members are approximately the same age
cross sequential research
an approach that combines the longitudinal and cross sectional methods by following individuals of different stages for abbreviated periods of time
time lag
the study of developmental processes by taking measures of children of the same age group at different times
