Chapter 1

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience.

Question 2

Aristotle’s four laws of association

1) S
2) C
3) C
4) F

Answer 2

1) The Law of Similarity
Events that are similar to each other are readily associated with each other (cars and trucks are readily associated with each other because they look similar)

2) The Law of Contrast
Events that are opposite from each other are readily associated
(Black makes you think of white)

3) The Law of Contiguity
Events that occur in close proximity to each other are readily associated (child associates thunder with lightning)

4) The Law of Frequency
The more frequent two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated

Question 3

Behaviorism

Study of e………… Influences on o……… Behavior

Answer 3

A natural science approach to psychology that focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior.

Question 4

Law of parsimony

Answer 4

Theory that the simplest explanation of an event will be the preferred explanation

Question 5

Nativist perspective

Nat…

Inborn or learned?

Answer 5

Nature

Assumes that a person’s abilities and tendencies are largely inborn

Question 6

Empiricist perspective

Emily n……. Her child

Inborn or learned?

Answer 6

Nurture

Assumes that a person’s abilities and tendencies are mostly learned.

Question 7

Methodological behaviorism

Believe that we should study behaviors that are overt or covert?

Answer 7

Asserts that, for methodological reasons, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be directly observed.

Internal events are excluded from analysis
(Thoughts, feelings, and motives)

Question 8

Neobehaviorism

(Opposite of methodological)

Utilizes…? (i………. V……..) in the form of hypothesized…? (P……….. Processes) to help explain behavior

Economics- demand, involves emotion to predict behavior

Answer 8

(Opposite of methodological)

Utilizes intervening variables, in the form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior

Question 9

Cognitive behaviorism

Utilizes i………. Variables (I’m the form of c…….. Processes) to help explain b…….

Answer 9

(Sometimes called purposive behaviorism)

Utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized cognitive processes, to help explain behavior

Question 10

Social Learning Theory

Answer 10

(Also called cognitive social learning theory or social-cognitive theory)

Observational learning

Strongly emphasized the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behavior

Question 11

Radical Behaviorism

• Emphasizes the influence of the e………. on observable (overt) behavior,
• rejects the use of ? Events to explain behavior,
• and views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that themselves need to be explained.

Answer 11

• Emphasizes the influence of the environment on observable (overt) behavior,
• rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior,
• and views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that themselves need to be explained.

Question 12

Behavior

Activity that can be o……. Or m…….

Answer 12

Any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured.