Chapter 1

Question 1

data

Answer 1

Collection of observations

Question 2

population

Answer 2

everything/everyone being studied

Question 3

census

Answer 3

collection of data from an entire population

Question 4

sample

Answer 4

sub-collection of data from a population

Question 5

context

Answer 5

data being analyzed MUST have a goal

Question 6

source

Answer 6

source must be unbiased and trustworthy

Question 7

sampling method

Answer 7

sample must be representative of the entire population

Question 8

analyze

Answer 8

graph and explore; visually represent data

Question 9

conclude

Answer 9

find statistical significance

Question 10

practical significance

Answer 10

whether a result is practical, despite its statistical significance

Question 11

[PITFALL] misleading conclusion

Answer 11

use FDR’s so the results are clear

Question 12

[PITFALL] small samples

Answer 12

sample must account for all possibilities

Question 13

[PITFALL] loaded questions

Answer 13

worded to lead the participant to a desired result

Question 14

[PITFALL] order of questions

Answer 14

may lead to participant’s answer being bias (e.g. “cats or dogs?” vs “dogs or cats?”

Question 15

[PITFALL] non-response

Answer 15

participant refuses to answer

Question 16

[PITFALL] missing data

Answer 16

data necessary to represent the ENTIRE population is missing

Question 17

[PITFALL] precise numbers

Answer 17

precise numbers used as an estimate can be misleading

Question 18

parameter

Answer 18

measurement computed using data from a population

Question 19

statistic

Answer 19

measurement computed using data from a sample

Question 20

quantitative data

Answer 20

numbers

Question 21

qualitative data

Answer 21

categories/qualities

Question 22

discreet data

Answer 22

quantitative data found by counting (e.g. students in a classroom, pages in a book)

Question 23

continuous data

Answer 23

quantitative date found by measurements (e.g. rainfall, temperature, weight)

Question 24

nominal level of measurement

Answer 24

qualitative data with no order

Question 25

ordinal level of measurement

Answer 25

qualitative data with order

Question 26

interval level of measurement

Answer 26

quantitative data with no significant zero (e.g. Fahrenheit scale)

Question 27

ratio level of measurement

Answer 27

quantitative data with a significant zero (e.g. miles traveled)

Question 28

lurking variable

Answer 28

impacts the result of a study, but is not included in the study

Question 29

simple random sample

Answer 29

allows the entire population the same chance at being selected

Question 30

systematic sampling

Answer 30

every kth item is selected after 0 (e.g. every 3rd person, every 100th subject)

Question 31

convenience sampling

Answer 31

easy to select (e.g. family members)

Question 32

stratified sampling

Answer 32

population is categorized into at least 2 groups, then a sample of each group is selected

Question 33

cluster sampling

Answer 33

population is divided into groups, and one of the groups is randomly selected to participate

Question 34

multistage sample design

Answer 34

multiple sampling techniques used

Question 35

cross-sectional study

Answer 35

data collected during a specific point in time (e.g. Fall semester students)

Question 36

retrospective study

Answer 36

data collected from the past

Question 37

longitudinal study

Answer 37

data actively being collected into the future (e.g. the height of a child as they grow)

Question 38

randomization

Answer 38

subjects assigned to either a treatment or control group by random methods

Question 39

replication

Answer 39

repeating an experiment on more than one subject in order to control external variables

Question 40

blinding

Answer 40

participant is unaware wether they are receiving treatment or a placebo

Question 41

double blind

Answer 41

both the participant AND the researcher are unaware of who has treatment vs. a placebo

Question 42

placebo effect

Answer 42

seeing results in a study because the individuals are aware of what they are being studied for

Question 43

non-sampling error

Answer 43

typically caused by human error when working with data

Question 44

non-random sampling error

Answer 44

sample was selected systematically