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Public Health > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the biggest expectations about living in civilized society?

A

That living conditions will be healthy

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2
Q

In the mid 19th century, what were the death rates of children in England and Wales like?

A

Out of 10 newborn infants, 2/3 never reached their first birthday, 5/6 died before they were 6 years old, and 3 lived beyond age 25

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3
Q

What was the single largest cause of death in the mid 19th century?

A

Tuberculosis

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4
Q

What were other diseases that that were common during the mid 19th century?

A

Cholera, typhoid and smallpox

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5
Q

Why are people’s lives basically healthier today?

A

Cleaner water, air, food, safe disposal of sewage, better nutrition and more knowledge about what is healthy and what is unhealthy

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6
Q

What does the term public health refer to?

A

General state of people’s health, measures that people take as a society to bring about and maintain improvement in health

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7
Q

Who is most responsible for promoting public health

A

The government. They provide pure water and efficient sewage disposal, ensure safety of food supply and quality of medical devices through hospitals, nursing homes and other institutions

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8
Q

The telephone survey of registered voters conducted in 1999 revealed what about the term public health

A

most people understood

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9
Q

How did Charles Edward A Winslow define public health (NOTE THIS IS FREAKISHLY LONG)

A

The science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infection, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and the preventive treatment of disease and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health

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10
Q

Is Winslow’s definition still valid?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What are the various success that public health has?

A

Effective in reducing the threat of infectious diseases, increasing the average American lifespan by several decades

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12
Q

In the 80s, what public health problems started to occur?

A

Government expenditures were high, spending was directed towards medical care, AIDS epidemic, concerns about environmental pollution, aging population demanding increased health services, teenage pregnancy, violence, substance abuse

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13
Q

Describe the study that was conducted by the Institute of Medicine

A

Published in 1988, called the Future of Public Health refocused attention on the importance of public health

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14
Q

How did the Future of Public Health define the mission of public health?

A

The fulfillment of society’s interest in assuring the conditions in which people can be healthy. Organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and the promotion of health

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15
Q

How does The Future of Public Health define the organizational framework of public health?

A

Both activities undertaken within the formal structure of government and the associated efforts of private and voluntary organizations and individual

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16
Q

How does The Future of Public Health define the core functions of public health?

A

Assessment, Policy development, Assurance

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17
Q

Contrast public health and medicine

A

Medicine is concerned with individual patients while public health is concerned with a community. Medicine is focused on treatment while public health is focused on prevention.

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18
Q

What are the 4 main steps in a public health process?

A

Assessment, Policy Development, Assurance, Serving All Functions

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19
Q

Assessment

A
  1. Monitor health status to identify community health problems
  2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
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20
Q

Policy Development

A
  1. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
  2. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
  3. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
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21
Q

Assurance

A
  1. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
  2. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable.
  3. Assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
  4. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and quality of personal and population based health services
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22
Q

Serving All Functions

A
  1. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems
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23
Q

What did Winslow state with regards to the achievement of public health?

A

The achievement is harder to recognize because it’s not as visible. “If we had but the gift of second sight to transmute abstract figures into flesh and blood, so that as we walk along the street we could say “That man would be dead of typhoid fever”“That woman would have succumbed to tuberculosis’‘That rosy infant would be in it’s coffin’- then only should we have a faint conception of the meaning of the silent victories of public health.

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24
Q

Effective public health programs:

A

Save money on medical costs in addition to saving lives

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25
Q

Life expectancy of Americans in the 20th century

A

Increased from 45 to 75 years over the course

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26
Q

Where has the majority of the gain in life expectancy come from?

A

Public Health- Better nutrition, housing, sanitation and occupational safety

27
Q

What is usually necessary for public health decisions to be made?

A

Political approval: federal, state, or local government that must make the decision to accept or reject the recommendations of public health experts

28
Q

Many times, how does a public health process start within a community?

A

People recognize a problem and demand that the government take action. Has occurred in many communities when victims of drunk drivers form organization

29
Q

How are politics and public health related?

A

Politics is part of the policy development function and a part of the assurance function. Given that the community will have to pay for treatments through taxes, they must decide how much they’re willing to fund.

30
Q

How does The Institute of Medicine describe public health?

A

Says that it’s a coalition of professions united by their shared mission as well as by their focus on disease prevention and health promotion; their prospective approach in contrast to the reactive focus of therapeutic medicine and their common science epidemiology.”

31
Q

What are the six disciplines in public health?

A

Epidemiology and statistics, biomedical science, social and behavioral sciences, environmental sciences

32
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

It has been called the basic science of public health. It is the study of epidemics

33
Q

What does epidemiology usually focus on, and what do epidemiologists usually look for?

A

Common exposures or other shared characteristics in the people who are sick, seeking the causative factor

34
Q

What did epidemiologic research indicate about AIDS? ?

A

That it was an infectious disease spread through blood and body fluids and suggested that it was caused by a virus.

35
Q

What is shoe leather epidemiology?

A

It is important for the prevention of well understood diseases spreading.

36
Q

Because public health deals with populations, what does it depend heavily on?

A

Statistics.

37
Q

What kinds of statistics does the government collect ?

A

Data on births, deaths, cause of deaths, outbreaks of communicable diseases, cases of cancer, occupational injury,etc

38
Q

The United States ranks _____ in infant mortality

A

27th

39
Q

The United States ranks ______ in life expectancy

A

26th in men and 28th in women

40
Q

How do public health officials use rankings to determine relative public health in the country?

A

Rankings serve as a good comparison

41
Q

What is the science of statistics used for?

A

To calculate risks. Statistical analysis is an integral part of any epidemiological study seeking the cause of a disease or a clinical study testing the effectiveness of a new drug.

42
Q

Both public health and medicine depend on what kind of science

A

Biomedical sciences

43
Q

Control of infectious diseases was a major public health during the __ and early ____ centuries

A

19th and 20th

44
Q

Biomedical research is important in understanding what?

A

How infectious/non infectious agents are spread and how they affect the human body. This understanding helps provide information and techniques that could bring about successful public health measures.

45
Q

What is environmental science concerned with?

A

Preventing the spread of disease through water, air and food.

46
Q

Is environmental science a separate science?

A

No. It shares concerns about the spread of infectious organisms with biomedical sciences and depends on epidemiology to track environmental causes

47
Q

How is environmental health classified on the public health spectrum

A

It is considered a separate area of public health.

48
Q

How did environmental health improve the public health in the US during the 20th century?

A

Safe water, waste disposal

49
Q

What are recent concerns in environmental health

A

Chemicals that enter the environment every year and their effect on human health, ultra violet rays from sunlight, depleting ozone layer

50
Q

How is public health concerned with the social and behavioral sciences

A

Many people are dying of diseases related to their behavior and social environment (eg heart disease, smoking)

51
Q

What are some of the unanswered questions within the social and behavioral sciences spectrum?

A

Why people of different socioeconomic and racial status differ in health

52
Q

Until when did public health and medicine overlap?

A

The 20th century

53
Q

Describe the problems associated with the medical services now?

A

It has become so expensive that many people can’t afford it. Research into this has resulted in a field called health services research.

54
Q

What is the five step approach by public health scientists to solve problems?

A

1) Define the health problem 2) Identify the risk factors associated with the problem 3) Develop and test community level interventions to control or prevent the cause of the problem 4) Implement interventions to improve the health of the population 5)Monitor those interventions to assess their effectiveness

55
Q

What is a main task of intervention?

A

Designed to develop solutions that prevent specific problems that have been identified either through an assessment process

56
Q

What are the three levels of prevention?

A

Primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention

57
Q

Primary prevention:

A

Prevents an illness or injury from occurring at all by preventing exposure to risk factors

58
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Seeks to minimize the severity of the illness or the damage due to an injury causing event

59
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Seeks to minimize disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation services

60
Q

What is an example of primary prevention

A

Encouraging teens not to smoke to avoid cancer

61
Q

What is an example of secondary prevention:

A

Screening programs to detect cancer early

62
Q

Example of tertiary prevention:

A

Required teh development of emergency medical services including ambulances, 911 calling networks and trauma centers

63
Q

What is another approach to designing interventions? What i

A

Thinking of an illness or injury as the result of a chain of causation involving an agent, host and the environment. It is traditional when thinking of infectious diseases

64
Q

What happened during the September 11th attacks that caused public health officials to have to do things?

A

Secondary and tertiary prevention. It was important for coordinating medical treatment and things like that.

Public Health (11 decks)

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