Chapter 1 Flashcards
The field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability and behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan.
LifeSpan development
Development involving the bodies physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep.
Physical development
Development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior.
Cognitive development
Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the lifespan.
Personality development
The way in which individuals interact with others in their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.
Social development
A group of people born at around the same time in the same place.
Cohort
Where are you gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels.
Continuous change
Development that occurs in the state steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages.
Discontinuous change
A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally.
Critical period
A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.
Sensitive period
The predetermined unfolding of genetic information.
Maturation
Explanation and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among a organized set of facts or principles.
Theories
The approach stating that behavior is mowed motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples awareness and control.
Psychodynamic perspective
The theory proposed by Freud that suggest that unconscious forces at to determine personality and behavior.
Psychoanalytic theory
According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass the room in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part.
Psychosexual development
The approach that encompasses change in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society.
Psychosocial development
The approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment.
Behavioral perspective
A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response.
Classical conditioning
A form of learning in which a voluntary is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.
Operant conditioning
A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
Behavior modification
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model.
Social-cognitive learning theory
The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.
Cognitive perspective
Models that seek to identify the Waze individuals take it in, use, and store information.
Information processing approaches
Approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
Cognitive neuroscience approaches
The theory contending that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior.
Humanistic perspective
The theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds.
Contextual perspective
These perspective suggesting that different levels of the environments simultaneously influence individuals.
Bioecological perspective
Do you purchase that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture.
Socialcultural theory
The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
Evolutionary perspective
The process of posing and answering questions using careful, control techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data.
Scientific method
A prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested.
Hypothesis
Research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exist
Correlational research
Research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors.
Experimental research
A type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation.
Naturalistic observation
The study that involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals.
Case study
A type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic.
Survey research
Research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior.
Psychophysiological methods
A process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for participants and then studies and compares the outcomes.
Experiment
The variable and researchers manipulate in an experiment.
Independent variable
The variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation
Dependent variable
The group of participants chosen for the experiment.
Sample
A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting.
Field study
A research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant.
Laboratory study
Research design specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
Theoretical research
Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
Applied research
Research in which the behavior of one or more participants in the study is measured as they age.
Longitudinal research
Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time.
Cross-sectional research
Research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time.
Sequential studies
